Chapter 26- Ap2 - Nutrition And Metabolism

Front 1

What is appetite controlled by?

Back 1

the hypothalamus

Front 2

If the feeding center is damaged it causes ____

Back 2

loss of appetite

Front 3

if the satiety center is damaged it causes ____

Back 3

increases appetite

Front 4

What is a calorie?

Back 4

one calorie is the amount of heat that will raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree C

Front 5

When a substance is used for fuel it is oxidized to make ___

Back 5

ATP

Front 6

What are nutrients?

List 6 groups

Back 6

ingested chemicals used for growth repair or maintenance
(water, carbs, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins)

Front 7

Marconutrients are needed in __ amounts
Micronutrients are needed in __ amounts

Back 7

large
small

Front 8

What is the RDA?

Back 8

recommended daily allowances- safe daily intake of food

Front 9

____ nutrients are those that the body cannot synthesize

Back 9

essential

Front 10

What 3 places of the body are carbs found at?

Back 10

muscle glycogen, liver glycogen, and blood glucose

Front 11

What regulates blood glucose?

Back 11

insulin and glucagon

Front 12

3 sources of carbs

Back 12

1. monosacs (glucose, galactose, fructose)
2. disacs (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
3. polysacs (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Front 13

Where does mostly all of dietary carbs come from?

Back 13

plants

Front 14

___ is fibrous material that resists digestion

Back 14

fiber

Front 15

The average adult male is __% fat and female is __% fat

Back 15

15%
25%

Front 16

List the fat-soluble vitamins

What is the recommended daily intake for fat?

Back 16

A, D, E, K

less than 30%

Front 17

List 3 functions of lipids

Back 17

1. structural for plasma
2. cholesterol is a precursor for many things
3. fatty acids is a precursor for many things

Front 18

Most fatty acids can be synthesized by the body (T/F)

Back 18

true

Front 19

3 sources of fat
1. Saturated fat
2. Unsaturated fat
3. Cholesterol

Back 19

1. animal origin
2. nuts, seeds, veg oil
3. egg yolks, cream, shellfish, organ meats

Front 20

4 categories of Lipoproteins

Back 20

chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

Front 21

Chylomicrons are formed where?

Back 21

in the absorptive cells of the small intestine

Front 22

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are produced by? and do what?

Back 22

liver
transport lipids to the adipose tissue for storage

Front 23

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) is bad or good?

Back 23

good- it is desirable to maintain high levels because it removes cholesterol from the arteries

Front 24

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) is bad or good?

Back 24

bad- it is desirable to maintain low levels because it deposits cholesterol in the arteries

Front 25

Proteins make up ___ percent of our total body mass

RDA value in g

Back 25

12-15%
mostly in skeletal muscle

44-60 g

Front 26

List a few functions of proteins

Back 26

muscle contraction
structure in cells
makes collagen, elastin, keratin
globular proteins have antibodies
plasma proteins maintain blood osmolarity and viscosity

Front 27

What is required to maintain nitrogen balance?

Back 27

inputs of N = outputs of N

Front 28

Positive and negative nitrogen balance

Back 28

positive- only in children since they need to grow; excrete less
negative- adults; excrete more

Front 29

Minerals such as calcium and phosphorus make up __

Calcium and iron are ___

Back 29

teeth

cofactors for enzymes

Front 30

What is iron essential for?
chlorine? mineral salts?

Back 30

hemoglobin
stomach acid (HCl)
electrolytes, nerve/muscle cells

Front 31

Name the water-soluble vitamins

Back 31

C and B

Front 32

Name the fat-soluble vitamins

Back 32

A, D, E, K

Front 33

What does carbohydrate metabolism produce?
Main purpose?

Back 33

6CO2 and 6H20 molecules

to transfer energy from glucose to ATP

Front 34

___ is a series of small steps to efficiently transfer energy to ATP

Back 34

glucose catabolism

Front 35

3 major pathways of glucose catabolism

Back 35

1. glycolysis - 2 ATP
2. anaerobic fermentation- makes lactic acid from pyruvic acid
3. aerobic respiration - 34-36 ATP

Front 36

enzymes that capture electrons on hydrogen during glucose catabolism is called?
2 examples

Back 36

coenzymes

NAD+ and FAD

Front 37

In aerobic respiration, where is most ATP generated?

Back 37

in the mitochondria

Front 38

What is the citric acid cycle?

Back 38

Kreb's cycle (steps 12-21)
uses oxidative metabolism to produce cellular energy

Front 39

What is it called when energy is produced by passing electron along the electron transport chain to fuel proton pumps?

Back 39

chemiosmotic mechanism

Front 40

To make ATP, you must start with what?

Back 40

glucose

Front 41

Glycogen metabolism says the ATP is used how?

Back 41

used quickly and not stored

Front 42

What is glycogenesis?
glycogenolysis?
gluconeogenesis?

Back 42

synthesis of glycogen
glycogen to glucose
synthesis of glucose from non carbs, such as fats and amino a.

Front 43

What is lipogenesis?
lipolysis?

Back 43

synthesizing fat from other sources
breaking down fat for fuel

Front 44

Where are triglycerides stored in?

Back 44

adipocytes

Front 45

what is it called when fatty acids are catabolized in the mitochondrial matrix by beta-oxidation

Back 45

ketogenesis, excess is called ketone bodies

Front 46

What is urea synthesis?

Back 46

when the liver converts ammonia to urea which is removed from the blood by the kidneys

Front 47

How long does the absorptive state last?
What regulates it?

Back 47

4 hours during/after the meal

insulin

Front 48

What occurs in the postabsorbitive state?
What regulates it?

Back 48

regulation of blood glucose levels, which is critical for the brain

sympathetic nervous sys and glucagon

Front 49

___ is the ability to balance heat production and heat loss

Back 49

thermoregulation

Front 50

Hypothermia?
hyperthermia?

Back 50

excessively low body temp
excessively high body temp

Front 51

What are factors that affect the total metabolic rate (MR)?

Back 51

pregnancy, anxiety, fever, eating, thyroid hormones, and depression

Front 52

What is the adult basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Back 52

2000 kcal/day on average

Front 53

Where does most heat come from in the body?

Back 53

ATP use and energy releasing chemicals
from the brain, heart, liver, endocrine, and muscles

Front 54

3 Modes of heat loss
1. radiation
2. conduction
3. evaporation

Back 54

1. loss to objects around us
2. loss to air around us
3. sweat

Front 55

What does hypothalamic thermostat monitor?

Back 55

temp of the blood and skin

Front 56

By removing clothes or getting out of the sun we are using ___ thermoregulation

Back 56

behavioral

Front 57

3 disturbances of thermoreg
1. fever
2. hyperthermia
3. hypothermia

Back 57

1. protective mechanism, elevates BMR
2. excessive heat
3. excessive cold

Front 58

Consequences of alcohol

Back 58

addictive, empty calories, toxic, destroys liver cells faster than they can regenerate, depresses the nervous system

Front 59

Hematemesis?

Back 59

vomiting blood

Front 60

Ascites?

Back 60

swelling of the abdomen with several liters of serous fluid

Front 61

What are the 2 factors that determine ones ability to hold liquor?

Back 61

1. alcohol dehydrogenase
2. behavioral modifications

Front 62

2 types of alcoholic addictions

Back 62

type I- associated with peer pressure and stress, sets in after 25
type II- partially hereditary, mostly men before 25

Front 63

What is delriuim tremens (DT)?

Back 63

withdrawal symptoms for alcohol