The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

While Habermas’s theory of the public sphere describes the earlier phase of liberal bourgeois society, Marx and Engels analyze the consolidation of the class rule of the bourgeoisie and hegemony of capitalism during the mid-nineteenth century. Gramsci in turn presents the transition…

general aid to the poor” rising utility and basic goods prices. These women were forced to pick up the extra costs in order to protect their families and their communities (Mason-Deese, 2016: 72). Therefore, it becomes increasingly evident that the structural adjustment policies in place in neoliberal capitalism “disproportionately affect women” (Mason-Deese, 2016: 72), thus leading to a feminisation of resistance, with these women fighting for their families and themselves against a system that…

hacktivist groups such as Anonymous. In January 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton outlined how the government would promote Internet Freedom within the USA and abroad . Clinton described freedom to access information, freedom to produce public media, and the freedom to converse with others. This vision has good intentions as it should deliver rapid, directed responses to censorship by authoritarian states . With a clear strategy like this, the US government has a mission of…

countries but also in middle and high income countries. This essay will argue that poverty is persistent in high, middle and low income countries because the efforts to reduce it focus merely on poverty symptoms that mitigate it while ignoring its structural causes that stay unchallenged. It will emphasise the importance of a relational view of poverty that moves away from describing poverty to explaining it. The relational approach opposes the view of poverty as a condition that can be changed…

the development of international studies equips the researchers with an understanding of the meaning of all those events that are taking their place in the world, hence, anticipating the further evolution. Meanwhile, international relations remain a sphere…

It was a time of transformation in our country from the Vietnam War to intense civil rights battles. From this pivotal transformation came the women’s rights movement. In an article from the US Embassy (2008) on the rise of cultural and ethnic pluralism it talks about the critical development of the women’s movement, the article…

that status. Through a process of “symbolic interaction,” then, religion is often used to restrict women – but it also has the potential to lend support to more gender egalitarianism. In the process religion too may undergo a manner of change and transformation. Religious authorities have often made women’s bodies the turf on which their own power struggles are played out. But this raises the question of how, if the spirit and the body have been linked in women’s oppression, they must then also…

course. But how is power distributed in our society? It is a fact that the distribution of information (the public knowledge) is not equal for all. Conventionally, this is called inequality of educational opportunity (IEO). Currently, we are living the impact of the globalization phenomenon “which encompasses a great variety of tendencies and trends in the economic, social and cultural spheres” (Bertucci & Alberti, 2001), being four major factors the driving forces of worldwide…

At the start of the 1990’s, Russia went through major political changes that altered the lives of citizens economically and socially. Gender ideology was transformed for women amongst Post-Soviet countries. Women indulged in the opportunity to develop a new sense of self as they pulled away from the oppression of womanhood under socialism. The migration of women centered around Moscow and abroad in search of expanding opportunity in the opening of liberal markets within Russia. As a result of…

economic crises and political transformation (Gramsci, Antonio. 2000). Gramsci however, has had a different view on the aspects on social power as many had misinterpreted Marx findings on social aspect of power. Gramsci based his arguments around the ideologies of structure and superstructure, the concept of historic bloc, the ethico-political history, hegemony and political ideology. There was no adequate Marxist theory of the state or what Gramsci called the sphere of the complex…