Phrenic nerve

Understanding the anatomical map of structures such as the phrenic nerve is vital for medical treatments. G.S. Muller Botha mapped the phrenic nerve and described her findings in The Anatomy of the Phrenic Nerve Termination and the Motor Innervation of the Diaphragm. Sleep apnea is a common disorder caused by under stimulation of the diaphragm from the phrenic nerve, O. Oldenburg and team described alternative treatments for the apnea in Effects of unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation on tidal volume. Lastly, Huemer and associates described a common procedure that causes damage to the phrenic nerve due to its anatomical positioning in Mapping of the Left-Sided Phrenic Nerve Course in Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Catheter Ablations.…

A nerve cell is also called a motor neuron, which is made from a cell body, an axon and axon terminals. The cell body contains a nucleus and dendrites that receive the signals and send it down the axon that is covered in myelin sheath. The axon terminals are connected to the muscles creating a neuromuscular junction. This is where the signal is relayed to the muscle. There are two groups of motor neurons: upper and lower. Upper motor neurons are those found in the brain and lower motor neurons…

The principal effect that make people continue smoking is that the drug excites neural activity and speed body functions. In other words, it makes the body feel good every time he/she smokes because the drug (cigarettes) helps keep motivated the body and feel energetic throughout the year. That is why it is really difficult a person stops smoking. Although, at the same time the drug is killing nerve cells in the brain because it has strong toxins that it can damage the nerve cells and kill them.…

know that as we age our age of motion will decrease, but it can be up to 30% as we reach our senior years. Over the year’s muscle will begin to shorten thus losing their elasticity. For seniors maintain a quality of life stretching needs to be a part of their life. Stretching can increase their joint range of motions, making daily tasks a bit easier to complete. There is no set time of schedule of when stretches should be done, but seniors should aim for 3 days a week, performing each stretch…

Polyradiculitis, otherwise known as a variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), is a very rare disease where the immune system attacks the spinal nerve roots. Fewer than 20,000 a year get this disease, and I was one of them. It was one day in the early April of 2001. I was a healthy three year old toddler that went from running around and climbing on furniture to not being able to walk. My mom started to notice that I wasn’t walking; but instead I was pulling myself across the floor. I also had…

Muscle Pain, Adult Muscle pain (myalgia) may be caused by many things, including: • Overuse or muscle strain, especially if you are not in shape. This is the most common cause of muscle pain. • Injury. • Bruises. • Viruses, such as the flu. • Infectious diseases. • A chronic condition that causes muscle tenderness, fatigue, and headache (fibromyalgia). • A condition, such as lupus, in which the body’s disease-fighting system attacks other organs in the body (autoimmune disease). …

separate functions and organs and also have their own fair share of problems. The muscular system composes of the tissues and organs that are used to exert a force, whether under voluntary or involuntary control. Muscles are composed of long, slender cells called fibers, and these fibers come in bundles with very few or countless amounts per bundle. Muscles move by either contracting or extending, which is directed by nerve impulses sent from the central nervous system. There are three main…

Only 1 in 100,000 people have to experience this scarce syndrome; Guillain Barre could possibly temporary have a serious affliction on the individual’s life, some of which we have heard of. Take Franklin D. Roosevelt for example, he suffered from Guillain Barre or also commonly known as “GBS” experienced a fight with this nerve damaging infection. GBS progressively starts to own a person’s life, being educated about this disease, the symptoms and effects, and the treatments will be beneficial. …

these muscle groups will become noticeably larger. A proper strength training program aims for something much different. How a Strength Program Works. A good strength training plan should focus on making a muscle more efficient, not in breaking down a muscle. If your strength training program is geared toward things like the "pump" or the "burn" then you need to change your approach. Think of bodybuilding as "muscle" based and strength training as "nervous system" based. In a good strength…

executed. External electrical stimulation of the ulnar nerve activated large then small motor units, because large myelinated axons are activated at lower threshold stimulus currents than smaller ones. Thus one would observe summation of the action potentials as the stimulus is increased due to an increase in the frequency of the firing of action potentials across multiple motor units. This is exactly what was observed in the compound action potential recordings in Figure 2, which showed that…