Phrenic nerve

Understanding the anatomical map of structures such as the phrenic nerve is vital for medical treatments. G.S. Muller Botha mapped the phrenic nerve and described her findings in The Anatomy of the Phrenic Nerve Termination and the Motor Innervation of the Diaphragm. Sleep apnea is a common disorder caused by under stimulation of the diaphragm from the phrenic nerve, O. Oldenburg and team described alternative treatments for the apnea in Effects of unilateral phrenic nerve stimulation on tidal volume. Lastly, Huemer and associates described a common procedure that causes damage to the phrenic nerve due to its anatomical positioning in Mapping of the Left-Sided Phrenic Nerve Course in Patients Undergoing Left Atrial Catheter Ablations.…

A nerve cell is also called a motor neuron, which is made from a cell body, an axon and axon terminals. The cell body contains a nucleus and dendrites that receive the signals and send it down the axon that is covered in myelin sheath. The axon terminals are connected to the muscles creating a neuromuscular junction. This is where the signal is relayed to the muscle. There are two groups of motor neurons: upper and lower. Upper motor neurons are those found in the brain and lower motor neurons…

The principal effect that make people continue smoking is that the drug excites neural activity and speed body functions. In other words, it makes the body feel good every time he/she smokes because the drug (cigarettes) helps keep motivated the body and feel energetic throughout the year. That is why it is really difficult a person stops smoking. Although, at the same time the drug is killing nerve cells in the brain because it has strong toxins that it can damage the nerve cells and kill them.…

know that as we age our age of motion will decrease, but it can be up to 30% as we reach our senior years. Over the year’s muscle will begin to shorten thus losing their elasticity. For seniors maintain a quality of life stretching needs to be a part of their life. Stretching can increase their joint range of motions, making daily tasks a bit easier to complete. There is no set time of schedule of when stretches should be done, but seniors should aim for 3 days a week, performing each stretch…

Polyradiculitis, otherwise known as a variant of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), is a very rare disease where the immune system attacks the spinal nerve roots. Fewer than 20,000 a year get this disease, and I was one of them. It was one day in the early April of 2001. I was a healthy three year old toddler that went from running around and climbing on furniture to not being able to walk. My mom started to notice that I wasn’t walking; but instead I was pulling myself across the floor. I also had…

ABSTRACT: Myotonia congenita is a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by painless muscle stiffness, myotonia and generalized muscle hypertrophy with non-progressive course. We report a case series of children who were presented with myotonia, generalized hypertrophy and characteristic myotonic discharges on electromyography and showed good response to carbamazepine. This case series is aimed to make the readers aware of this rare entity which shows excellent response to treatment…

Keywords: neuromuscular, genetic, chloride channel, myotonia congenita, Thomsen’s, Becker’s, anaesthetic management, general anaesthesia, TIVA, non-depolarising muscle relaxant, laparoscopic surgery Abstract: Administering anaesthesia in a patient with nerve and muscle disorders is tricky due to multiple challenges- the unpredictable effects of neuromuscular blockade and dreaded risk of malignant hyperthermia. We present the management of a case of Myotonia Congenita, with an ovarian dermoid and…

1) How might these Symptoms have manifested? The symptoms the male student is experiencing may have been caused by a flaw in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. Normally, when impulses travel down a nerve, the nerve endings receive a neurotransmitter substance called Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels from the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine receptors are then activated and generate a muscle contraction. Normal communication between the…

Muscle Pain, Adult Muscle pain (myalgia) may be caused by many things, including: • Overuse or muscle strain, especially if you are not in shape. This is the most common cause of muscle pain. • Injury. • Bruises. • Viruses, such as the flu. • Infectious diseases. • A chronic condition that causes muscle tenderness, fatigue, and headache (fibromyalgia). • A condition, such as lupus, in which the body’s disease-fighting system attacks other organs in the body (autoimmune disease). …

The spinal cord, part of the central nervous system (CNS), is a continuous cylinder of nerve fibers with thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves branching out into designated regions of the body. The inner region of the spinal cord consists of gray matter. Within the gray matter, afferent neurons terminate from sensory receptors in the body and efferent neurons originate. The efferent neurons travel away from the spinal cord to form synapses with skeletal muscles. These neurons use the same spinal…