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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the stages of bone repair? |
Hematoma Procallus Callus Ossification Remodeling |
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When does a hematoma form for bone repair? |
Within hours after injury or surgery 48 to 72 hours |
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What stage of bone repair is it safe to remove a cast? |
Ossification |
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What stage of bone repair is done by osteoblasts within a few days? |
Procallus |
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When does the callus formation of bone repair occur? |
3 to 4 weeks after injury |
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How long does it take to see evidence of bone healing on an X-ray? |
6 weeks |
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What is the initial pain from a broken bone caused by? |
Muscle spasms trying to splint the broken bone |
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What are the signs of a fracture? |
Pain Deformity Swelling Discoloration Shortening of the involved limb Muscle spasm |
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What's the difference between a displaced and an aligned fracture? |
Displaced fracture does not heal well and interferes with limb function |
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What type of fracture circles the bone? |
Spiral fracture |
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What type of fracture is an angled fracture? |
Oblique fracture |
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What type of fracture is straight across the bone? |
Transverse fracture |
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What type of fracture is the bone broken into fragments as in a crushing injury? |
Comminuted fracture |
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What type of fracture is the bone jammed into another bone? |
Impaction fracture |
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What is a greenstick fracture? |
Bone Bend and cracks, instead of breaking completely in two separate pieces. |
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When does a greenstick fracture occur most? |
Occurs commonly in children because their bones are softer and more flexible |
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What type of fracture is a chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament they gets pulled away from the main part of the bone? |
Avulsion fracture |
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What is a couple other names for stress fracture? |
Fissure fracture Hairline fracture |
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What type of fracture is a fatigue induced fracture of the bone caused by repeated stress over time? |
Stress fracture |
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What type of fracture is caused by a disease that leads to Bone weakness? |
Pathological fracture |
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What are pathological fractures most commonly due to? |
Osteoporosis but may also be due to other pathology such as cancer, infection, inherited bone disorders, or bone cyst |
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What type of fracture is defined as a vertebral bone in the spine that has decreased at least 15 to 20% in height due to fracture? |
Compression fracture |
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What is a compression fracture caused by? |
Osteoporosis or trauma |
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What is a sprain? |
Injured or torn ligament |
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What is a strain? |
Injured tendon |
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What is the recommended treatment for strains and sprains? |
Rice |
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Where the complications of fracture healing? |
Delayed Union Malunion Nonunion |
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What is a delayed Union? |
Failure of fracture to heal within predicted time as determined by x-ray |
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What is Malunion? |
Deformity at fracture site Deformity or angulation on x-ray |
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What is nonunion? |
Failure of bone to heal before the process of bone repair stops |
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What are the serious complications associated with Orthopedic injuries? |
Venous thromboembolism/Fat embolism Hypovolemic shock Infection-osteomyelitis Compartment syndrome Acute tubular necrosis |
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What are the 5 P's for neurovascular assessment? |
Pain Pulse Pallor Paresthesia Paralysis |
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What connects muscle to bone? |
Tendons |
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What connects bone to bone? |
Ligaments |
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What bones if broken can cause hypovolemic shock? |
Femur pelvis Thorax Humorous |
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What occurs when injured tissue cells within the faccia and connective tissues inside of a limb causing an increase in pressure within that compartment which causes ischemia, nerve damage and potentially the loss of a limb if not immediately treated? |
Compartment syndrome |
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How long does it take for compartment syndrome to be irreversible damage? |
6 to 24 hours after injury |
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What is acute compartment syndrome and when does it occur? |
Occurs as a result of trauma or loss of blood supply to the appendage |
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What is chronic compartment syndrome and when does it occur? |
Due to heavy exercise overuse of the limb |
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What is compression compartment syndrome and when does it occur? |
A common cause of this type of compression syndrome is created by bandages and casting materials that are too tight around the extremity or do not allow the injured extremity to expand as it swells |
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What is the treatment for compartment syndrome? |
Fasciotomy |
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What is the most important symptom for compartment syndrome? |
Pain |
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True or false, pain medication relieves pain of compartment syndrome? |
False |
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What is the very concerning sign of compartment syndrome? |
Pain that occurs with active or passive stretch called positive homans sign |
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What are the early signs of compartment syndrome? |
Increased pain and numbness or tingling |
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What are the late signs of compartment syndrome? |
Decreased pulse or capillary refill, decrease in temp and color changes |
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What is the last sign of compartment syndrome? |
Paralysis of the limb |
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When does FES occur? |
1 to 3 days after fracture |
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Where are the causes of a fat embolism? |
Mechanical: subcutaneous fat a fracture site or bone marrow gains venous access Biochemical: stress hormones lead to lipid instability and emboli develop in the veins |
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What is more likely to lead to a fat embolism? |
Multiple fractures instead of single fractures |
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What is the FES classic Triad? |
Respiratory Neurologic Petechial rash |
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What is the last sign to appear in FES? |
Petechial rash |
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What is osteomyelitis? |
Bone infection |
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What is a serious medical problem that requires a month or more of IV antibiotics, two or three times a day? |
Osteomyelitis |
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What is hematogenous osteomyelitis? |
Bacteria travel to the bones the blood from another part of the body |
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What are the signs and symptoms of osteomyelitis? |
Bone pain Fever chills Elevated white blood count General discomfort If there is an open wound there maybe Purulent discharge and other signs and symptoms of inflammation |
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What are the Metabolic Bone diseases? |
Osteomalacia Osteopenia Osteoporosis |
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What are the Metabolic Bone disease is caused by? |
Abnormalities and absorption of vitamin D or minerals calcium or phosphorus |
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Where does FES usually occur? |
Long bones or pelvis |
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What refers to a softening of the bones? |
Osteomalacia |
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What refers to bone density that is lower than normal Peak density but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis? |
Osteopenia |
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What contributes to the Pathology of all Metabolic Bone disorders? |
Osteopenia |
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What is thought of as pre osteoporosis? |
Osteopenia |
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What does osteomalacia result from? |
Defect in the bone building process |
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What is osteomalacia called in children? |
Rickets |
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What is osteoporosis? |
Porous bone refers to the bone density that is far lower than normal Peak density |
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When do signs and symptoms of osteoporosis occur? |
No signs and symptoms until Bones start breaking for no reason |
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What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis? |
Fracture that occurs more easily than expected Back pain Loss of height Stooped posture |
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What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? |
Alcohol use Corticosteroid use Calcium low Estrogen low Smoking Sedentary lifestyle |
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When should women be screened for osteoporosis? |
65 |
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How is osteoporosis diagnosed? |
Dexa scan |
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What is a degenerative joint disease that is the breakdown or erosion of cartilage in joints caused by wear and tear over time? |
Osteoarthritis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis? |
Joint pain that is worse with use and better with rest Pain in the affected joint after repetitive use Pain and stiffness after long periods of inactivity |
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What is common because of high NSAID use for osteoarthritis? |
GI bleeds GERD Ulcers |
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True or false, there is a cure for muscular dystrophy? |
False |
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How is muscular dystrophy diagnosed? |
Diagnosed through muscle biopsy, genetic testing, and enzyme test |
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What is Gowers sign? |
Muscular dystrophy kids get on their hands and knees and then Elevate the posterior then walk their hands up the legs to raise the upper body. |
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What are the joint diseases that are autoimmune disorders? |
Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus |
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What are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? |
Sharp |
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How do you tell the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? |
Pain is worse with rest in rheumatoid arthritis |
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What has a positive serum rheumatoid Factor? |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
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What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis? |
MAB Drugs |
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What is a common side effect of muscular dystrophy? |
Scoliosis |
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What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus? |
Achy joints, swelling of hands and feet, fever, fatigue, skin lesions, rash called a butterfly rash on the face, anemia, chest pain, light sensitivity, loss of hair |
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What is the treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus? |
Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs and lifestyle changes |
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What is another term for brittle bone disease? |
Osteogenesis imperfecta |
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What is the most common heredity bone disease? |
Osteogenesis imperfecta |
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What is the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta? |
Biochemical defect in ability to synthesize collagen. Abnormal collagen results an incomplete development of Bones, ligaments, and sclera. |
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What bone disorder causes children to have light blue colored sclera? |
Osteogenesis imperfecta |
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What type of bone disorder worsens dramatically with puberty growth spurt? |
Scoliosis |
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What is the problem of scoliosis? |
Shortens a person's life span to about 40 years if not surgically corrected |
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What is the treatment for scoliosis? |
Surgery with rods Harrington rods |
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When is Lupus most commonly diagnosed? |
In women between the ages of 15 and 45 |
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What is the cause of muscular dystrophy? |
Autosomal dormant or x-linked recessive genetic problem |
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What are the signs and symptoms of muscular dystrophy? |
Shoulders and arms are held back awkwardly when walking Sway back Weak butt muscles Knees may bend back to take weight Thick calf muscles Walking on toes Foot drop Clumsy walking Poor balance Thin weak thighs Protruding belly |
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What are the two types of muscular dystrophy? |
Rapidly Progressive: onset by 5 years terminal in late adolescence Early adulthood (20years) Slowly Progressive: onset from 10 to 30 years May survive well into adulthood |
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What are the effects of muscular dystrophy on the heart? |
Lack of dystrophin can weaken the muscle layer in the heart causing cardiomyopathy |
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Are the effects of muscular dystrophy on the lungs? |
Beginning at about 10 years of age the diaphragm and other muscles that operate the lungs can weaken making the long less effective at moving air in and out |
