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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of Society |
Foraging Society, Pastoral Society, Agricultural Society, Horticultural Society, Industrial Society, Post-Industrial Society |
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-the earliest form of society -the members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. -the majority of the member's time is spent looking for and gathering food |
Hunting and gathering societies |
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-these societies rely on products obtained through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation for food. -are common in areas where crops cannot be supported, for example in North Africa -also allow for job specialization, since not everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food. |
Pastoral societies |
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-rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive. -are often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supplies decrease. |
Horticultural society |
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-rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn. -productivity increases, and as long as there is plenty of food, people do not have to move. -this time town form, and the cities emerged, specialization increases and the economy become more complex. |
Agricultural society |
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Period of technological changes |
Agricultural revolution |
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when and how the industrial revolution developed or began? |
1769, Began with England's improvement and use of the steam engine as a way to power machines. |
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-rely on advanced energy sources in order to run machinery. |
Industrial society |
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-based on services and technology not in production -the economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must pursue greater education -communication technology allows work to be performed from a variety of locations. |
Post-Industrial Society |
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Includes the objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork. |
Material culture |
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Includes ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communications) |
Symbolic Culture |
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are conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true in the environment around them. |
Beliefs |
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Describe what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given society or what ought to be. They are broad, abstract and shared to influence to guide the bahavior of people. |
Values |
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Live in culture wherein symbols are used to understand each other |
People |
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Refer to things that convey meaning or represent idea. |
Symbols |
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Is a shared set of spoken and written symbols They are basic to communication and transmission of culture Known as the storehouse of culture |
Language |
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Refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and maintaning the environment. It includes all artifacts, methods, devices created and used by people. |
Technology |
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Are specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior. Shared rules of conduct that determine a specific behavior among society members. |
Norms |
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Types of norms |
Proscriptive and Prescriptive |
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Defines and tells us things not to do |
Proscriptive |
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Defines and tells us things to do |
Prescriptive |
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They are known for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience Breaking it does not usually have a serious condequences |
Folkways (Customs) |
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Based on definition of right and wrong Norms with moral connotations They are strict norms that control moral, ethical and behavior. |
Mores |
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They are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust. The violator of this is considered unfit to live in that society |
Taboos |
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They are condified ethics, formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency. Are norms that are legally enacted and enforce. |
Laws |
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positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for norm violators. helps to establish social control, the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus increase social cohesion. |
Sanction |
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The most monocultural of all industrial nations |
Japan |
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The most multicultural of all industrial nations |
United States |
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Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite |
High Culture |
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Designates cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population. |
Popular culture |
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The tendency to see and evaluate other culture in terms of one's own race, nation or culture. Diminishes or invalidates other ways of life and creates a distorted view of one own's culture Judging another culture by the standards of one own's culture |
Ethnocentrism |
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The tendency to consider their culture as inferior to others The belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one's society is inferior to those that originate elsewhere |
Xenocentrism |
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Recognizes and accepts the cultural differences between societies Implies that all aspect of a particular culture should be accepted and even celebrated. |
Cultural Relativism |
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Refers to the process by which an individual learns or acquires the important aspects of his or her society's culture. |
Enculturation |
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Refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction |
Socialization |
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Define as the cultural modification of an individual, group or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture. -means "culture contact" |
Acculturation |
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Consists of acts people towards one another and the responses they give in return |
Social Interaction |
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The position of the person in the society |
Status |
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the status born with or natural social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. |
Ascribed status |
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Obtain by a person through effort Denoting a social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit It is the position earned or chosen |
Achieved status |
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The expected behavior associated with status |
Role |
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Assumes that there is constant struggle among various social groups and institution in the society |
Conflict theory |
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Study the culture of "dominant classes" and analyze how this culture is imposed on other classes. The effective domination of this class facilitated by culture brings about social order |
Conflict Theorists |
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Operates on the assumption that society is a stable and orderly system Consider culture as glue that binds society together, leading to social order |
Structural Functionalism |
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Views individuals, group behavior, and social interactions as defining features of society Symbolic interactionists believe that culture provides shared meanings to the members of the society The more meanings are shared, the more society ensures social order |
Symbolic Interactionism |
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An idology that acknowledges and promote cultural diversity within society. Entails the establishment of political groups and institutions comprised of people from diverse culture. |
Multiculturalism |
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Advances awareness and acceptance of cultural differences but encourages a critical stance in dealing with issues regarding diversity This view believes that not all cultural practices, traditions and views can be integrated, and that distinct cultures can harmoniusly coexist in society. |
Cultural sensitivity |
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Five Characteristics of Culture |
Learned, shared, dynamic, cumulative, diverse |
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Factors that change culture |
Technology, war, population shifts, resource shortages, changing values, customs from other countries |
