Ucsp

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Sciences are subdivided into two:

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1. Natural Sciences

2. Social Sciences

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the natural world; were born before/merge earlier

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Natural Sciences

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social world; started as social and political philosophy

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Social Sciences

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marks the birth of the social sciences when the church lost its place; the bible was replaced by the advent of science

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Modern Period

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data derived through sensory experiences

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empirical data

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direct experience; something you have seen, smell and hear

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empirical data

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relationship between two things

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Theory

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Factors which influenced the development of the Social Sciences

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1. The unprecedented growth of science

2. Secularization of learning and education

3. The rise of the universities

4. Dissolution of feudal social relations

5. Trade and Commerce

6. The rise of individualism

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the growth of science; the advent of science

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Scientific Revolution

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changes in thought and grief and social and institutional organization in Europe between 1550-1700

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Scientific Revolution

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Scientific Revolution is started with the work of _______ culminated with the work of _______

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Nicolaus Copernicus; Sir Isaac Newton

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Reasons based on science

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Age of reason

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Age of Reason started in:

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16th-17th century

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Father of Modern Philosophy

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Rene Descartes

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triumph of science over tradition

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Secularization

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Began on the Period of Reformation initiated

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Martin Luther

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means universal

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Catholicism

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cultural in character; emphasizing nationalism

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Enlightenment

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Enlightenment was lead by:

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Immanuel Kant

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replacement of science

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Rationalization

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center of learning in Europe

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Universities

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contributed to the triumph of science

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Universities

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disappearance; disintegration

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Dissolution

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relations between owners and slaves

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Feudal Relations

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started in Venice by Marco Pollo (Italian)

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Trade and Commerce

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when did Trade and Commerce accelerated

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19th century

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the concept of money and banking system is due to

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Barter

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loss of personal element in transaction

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Depersonalization

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lack the face-to-face relation of the teller and sender

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Depersonalization

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scientific study of social structure and social interaction and of the factors making for change in social structure and social interaction

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Sociology

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4 key concepts of sociology:

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1. Science

2. Social Structure

3. Social Interaction

4. Social Change

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refers to the body of knowledge produced by answering logical questions with evidence gathered through experimentation or systematic observation

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Science

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empirical data or evidence is gathered through experimentation or systematic observation

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science

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a scientist is _____. he does not allow his personal opinion enter into the scientific world

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ocjective

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a scientist is ______. he requires a substantial body of evidence before arriving at a conclusion

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judicious

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an objective and judicious approach to empirical evidence

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scientific method

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before starting a scientific method, sociologist asks several questions

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1. what happened ?

2. why did it happen ?

3. how did it happen ?

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is an explanation for what happened

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Theory

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is the relatively permanent components of our social environment

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Social Structure

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structure composed of people

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social environment

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acts people perform toward one another and the responses they give in return

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Social Interaction

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two types of interaction

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formal and informal

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sociologist try to study change; undergoing change; radical change; major changes will come in to your life; the continuity and changes are the features on our life

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Social Change

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origins of sociology

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100 years old

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this revolution rearrange society and changed how people lived; dur3ing the 19th century

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Industrial Revolution

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going against the established order

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French Revolution

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the Father of Sociology

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Auguste Comte

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he was convinced that there is a need to improve society: the adoption of scientific attitude

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Auguste Comte

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Sociology comes from the word

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"socius" - companion/associate

"logos" - study

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translated Comte's work from French to English; British scholar

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Harriet Martineau

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german philosopher; 1818-1883

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Karl Marx

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Karl Marx' most important work

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Capital (Das Kapital)

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Karl Marx' work wherein he placed his political belief, he oughts to protect in ony one way: revolution

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Communist Manifesto

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industrialized society is composed:

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1. owners of the means of production (bourgeoisie)

2. proletariat (workers)

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means of production

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Capitalism

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is a situation in which people are estranged from their social world and feel that life is meaningless

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alienation

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1858-1917; born in France, attended school in Germany

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Emile Durkeim

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first person to hold the title of Professor of Education and Sociology

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Emile Durkheim

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Emile Durkheim's focus

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Unity of Society

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Emile Durkheim: 2 types of solidarity

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1. Mechanical Solidarity

2. Organic Solidarity

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social solidarity based on shared values, traditional communities, everyone is cohesive

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Mechanical Solidarity

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industrialized society, people perform specialized task, disagree on so much values, independent on each other but do not interact

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Organic Solidarity

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social condition in which social norms and conflicting or entirely absent

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anomie

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rules or behavior

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norms

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degree of relationship that you have with your family, friends, religion and etc.

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social intergration

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1864-1920, emphasizes on one key concept: rationalization

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Max Weber

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is the replacement of traditional thinking with rational thinking or thinking that heavily emphasizes deliberate calculation, efficiency, and effectiveness in the accomplishment of explicit goals

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Rationalization

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consistent ways of looking at some aspects of the social world

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viewpoints

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Perspective within Sociology

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1. Structural Funtionalism

2. The Conflict Perspective

3. Symbolic Interaction

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the major proponent of Structural Functionalism

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Emile Durkheim

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5 major institutions of the systems

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1. family

2. education

3. political system/government

4. economy

5. religion

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agreement of people in the society

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consensus

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are actions that have positive consequences for the social system/society

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functions

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these functions are actions that have negative consequences for the social system

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dysfunction

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are function that are intended or recognized by others

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manifest functions

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are unintended or or unrecognized by others

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latent functions

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the ability to get others to conform to ones wishes even against their own desires

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Social Power

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a theory based on the idea that individuals construct the nature of their social interaction. the theory assumes that social life is possible ony because humans can communicate through symbols

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Symbolic Interaction

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is something that stands for something else

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symbols

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what the symbols communicate

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meaning

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sees society as a system of parts that work together to maintain the cohesion of the whole system

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Structural Functionalism

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key concepts of structural functionalism

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1. manifest functions

2. latent functions

3. dysfunctions

4. anomy

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sees society as a collection of parts held together by social power

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Conflict Perspective

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sees society as socially constructed by everyday encounters between people

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Symbolic Interaction

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key concepts of conflict perspective

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1. conflict

2. domination

3. equality

4. alienation

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key concepts of symbolic interaction

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1. symbols

2. meaning

3. definition of the situation

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Realms in Sociology

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1. Basic Science

2. Critical Sociology

3. Applied Research

4. Public Activism

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focuses on research; expands the pool of sociological knowledge

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Basic science

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keeps the discipline focused

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Critical Sociology

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is the most appropriate perspective

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Social Change

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utilize research findings to solving real world problems

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Applied Research

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concerns individuals and groups working for social change

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Public Activism

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C. Wright Mills, it is the intellectual ability to discern the relationship between individual experience and social forces in the larger society

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Sociological Imagination

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2 factors involved in Sociological Imagination

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1. personal characteristics

2. social forces in the larger society