Social Psychology Exam #1 Stereotypes And Prejudice

Front 1

Hatred of people from different races, religions, ethnic groups, sexual orientations, or nations

Back 1

Prejudice

Front 2

Beliefs that associates a group of people with certain traits
---Can be positive (Asians are good at math) or negative (Mexicans are lazy)

Back 2

Stereotypes

Front 3

Any behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Back 3

Discrimination

Front 4

We first sort people into groups on the basis of common attributes (like race or gender)

Back 4

Social Categorization

Front 5

What is the two step process for how stereotypes are formed?

Back 5

1.) Social Categorizaton
2.) We perceive groups to which we belong (a.k.a. ingroups) as different from group to which we don’t belong (a.k.a. outgroups)

Front 6

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among outgroup members than among ingroup members

Back 6

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Front 7

Why do we assume homogeneity of outgroups?

Back 7

1.) Less chance to associate with outgroup and therefore little chance to notice differences
2.) Little chance to encounter sample of outgroup.

Front 8

What are the two types of theories about groups?

Back 8

1.) Entity theorists
2.) Incremental theorists

Front 9

People who see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities and the borders between groups as relatively clear and rigid
--e.g., More likely to see group differences as heredity and biological.

Back 9

Entity theorists

Front 10

Less consistency within groups. Groups are perceived as changeable with fuzzy boundaries.

Back 10

Incremental theorists

Front 11

Perception of a correlation between variables that are only slightly or not at all related.
---e.g, women are bad drivers; black men make bad fathers

Back 11

Illusionary correlation

Front 12

When are illusionary correlations more likely to be accepted?

Back 12

1.) When variables are distinctive
2.) When variables are expected to be associated

Front 13

Classifying people who deviate from the typical category into a “subcategory” thereby allowing one to maintain initial beliefs about the category

Back 13

Subtyping

Front 14

What is this an example of?: e.g, women stay at home and take care of family, but you find one woman is an executive in a company. You create a subcategory of working women that explains only her so that you can keep your judgement about women in general.

Back 14

Subtyping

Front 15

A tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are
---e.g., women who are as aggressive as men are seen as more aggressive

Back 15

contrast effects

Front 16

What is it when well learned categories (like stereotypes) become automatic and unconscious

Back 16

automatic stereotypes

Front 17

When do we revise stereotypes?

Back 17

1.) When believed "typical member is behaving atypically
2.) When many individuals of groups are differentiating from stereotype
3.) If people deviate from stereotype only moderately, not extremely

Front 18

When can we control making stereotypes?

Back 18

1.) When we have personal information about an individual member of a group
2.) When we have the cognitive ability to focus on information about an individual
3.) When we are motivated to form accurate, unbiased impressions
4.) Focusing on the individual reduces stereotyping
5.) Taking person’s perspective
6.) Exposure to counter-stereotypic examples (e.g., female business leaders)

Front 19

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Back 19

Realistic conflict theory

Front 20

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to other groups

Back 20

Relative deprivation

Front 21

What are the two types of relative deprivation?

Back 21

1.) Egoistic Deprivation - A concern for one’s own self-interest
2.) Fraternal Deprivation - A concern for the interests of one’s group

Front 22

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

Back 22

Ingroup Favoritism

Front 23

The tendency to derogate or discriminate against outgroups to better the status of the ingroup

Back 23

Outgroup Derogation

Front 24

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance self-esteem

Back 24

Social Identity Theory (SIT)

Front 25

Conditions that arouse Social Identity Theory (SIT)

Back 25

1.) Size of group
2.) Status within the ingroup
3.) Self-esteem investment
4.) Culture

Front 26

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Back 26

Modern racism

Front 27

Often our conscious attitudes (which we can control) are at odds with our unconscious attitudes (which we cannot control) for negative feelings towards a group

Back 27

Implicit vs. Explicit Prejudice

Front 28

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice under certain conditions

Back 28

Contact Hypothesis

Front 29

Conditions in which Contact Hypothesis thrives

Back 29

1.) Equal status
2.) Personal interaction between members of the different groups
3.) Cooperative activities that fulfill superordinate goals
4.) Social norms (defined by relevant authorities) that favor intergroup contact

Front 30

Shared goals that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups

Back 30

Superordinate Goals

Front 31

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender

Back 31

Sexism

Front 32

The theory that small gender differences seem more significant because of the unequal social roles occupied by men and women

Back 32

Social Role Theory

Front 33

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings

Back 33

Ambivalent Sexism

Front 34

The fear that one’s own actions or behaviors would validate negative stereotypes about one’s group

Back 34

Stereotype Threat

Front 35

How the Stereotype Threat can hamper achievements:

Back 35

1.) Stress of validating a stereotype can directly interfere with performance
2.) If threat is chronic in a domain, it may cause an individual to dismiss the domain as not relevant to their identity or self esteem