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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is social psychology?
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scientific study of how individuals think, feel and behave in regard to other people and how individual thoughts, feelings and behaviors are affected by other people?
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What historical event acted as the "call to action" for social psychology?
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WW II
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confirmation bias
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the idea that your integral beliefs cause you to attend to information which reinforces those beliefs
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basic research
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seeks to increase understanding of human behavior and is often designed to test specific hypothesis from specific theory
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applied research
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make use of theories/methods to enlarge understanding of natural events and to contribute to solution of social problems
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conceptual variables
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variables in their general abstract form as when first thought up by the researcher
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theory
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system of integrated set of principles and assumptions used to explain phenomenon
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operational definition
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specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable
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what are theories evaluated on?
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simplicity, genarivity, comprehensiveness
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concept validity
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extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variable they were intended to to measure and the manipulations introduced in the experiment manipulated the materials they were designed to manipulate
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self-reports
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participants disclose their thoughts, feelings and desires
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What forms can self-reports take?
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surveys, DVs, IVs
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What is pro of self-reports?
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gives researcher access to individual's beliefs and perceptions
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What are the cons of self-reports?
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not always accurate
can be misleading effected by order questions are asked in past memory of events/behavior is prone to error |
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interval-contingent self-reports
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individuals report at consistent interval, usually once a day
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signal-contingent self-reports
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participants are signaled to to report as soon as possible after signal (usually a beeper)
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event-contingent self-reports
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participants report as soon as possible after a designated set of events
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narrative studies
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collect lengthy responses on given topic for analysis
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What can surveys do?
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test beliefs, test knowledge, ask about intentions for behavior
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What is the #1 potential issue with surveys?
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participants are being honest
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What is the major pro of field studies?
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realistic real world environment
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What are the cons of field studies?
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can environment be controlled?
who is in your study? |
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What is the major con of lab studies?
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it lacks external validity
can it mimic real world experience? |
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What are the pros of lab studies?
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lack of control group, cannot be used in every study, interrater reliability (every researcher evaluating variables in the same way)
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What are the different research methods?
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Descriptive
Correlational Experimental |
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What is the purpose of descriptive studies?
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to observe and define behavior
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How are descriptive studies conducted?
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case studies, observational studies, psychological tests, surveys
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What are cons of descriptive studies?
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lack of representative samples, biased recording, people often change behavior if being watched
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What is the purpose of correlational studies?
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to determine if there is a relationship between the variables
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How are correlational studies conducted?
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by assessing strength and direction of the association, correlation coefficient
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What are possible problems with correlation studies?
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correlation does not = causation
third variable problem |
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inverse/negative correlation
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one variable decreases as the other increases
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positive correlation
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both variables increase/decrease together
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What is experimental research?
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testing a hypothesis in order to explore cause and effect
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What is the major pro of experimental research?
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more control = easier to conclude causability
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How is experimental research conducted?
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manipulating one or more factors (IV) and measuring effect on outcome (DV)
random assignment to conditions |
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What are potential problems with experimental studies?
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not using double blind methods could effect results
can the results be generalized to other situations/individuals? |
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Jones's Correspondent Theory
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people try to infer from an action whether the act itself corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor
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Availability heurisitc
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– tendency to overestimate odds that event will occur the more easily it comes to mind
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o Cognitive heurisitics
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rules of thumb to make judgements but can lead to errors
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• Kelley’s Covariation Theory
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People make attributions using the covariation principle, which means they try to figure ou individual’s personal characteristics from behavioral evidence
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Attribution
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The process by which we explain phenomena
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What are the two types of attribution?
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Personal/dispositional
and Situational |
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What are personal attributions based on?
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The internal characteristics of the actor
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What are situational attributions based on?
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external to an actor
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False-consensus effect
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belief that people are doing the same behavior at the same or greater rate than you are
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• Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
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when we explain other people’s behavior we tend to overestimate the role of personal factors and overook the impact of the situation
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Counterfactual thinking
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thinking in a way that is contrary to existing facts
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• Actor Observer Effect
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personal attributions for others, situational attributions for ourselves
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base-rate fallacy
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the tendency to ignore or underuse base-rate information (information that describes most people) and instead to be influenced by distinctive information
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o Implicit Personality Theory
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network of assumptions that we make about the reationships aong traits and behavior
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Belief perserverance
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maintaining beliefs even after they have been discredited
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o Implicit Personality Theory
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network of assumptions that we make about the reationships aong traits and behavior
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What theory does Asch's warm/cold study correspond to?
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Implicit Personality Theory
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The fish example with one striped fish in front of the plain fish?
Individualist/Collectivist reactions? |
Indiviudalist - striped is leading
Collectivist - striped is being chased |
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• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
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o Teacher-expectancy effect (Rosentha and Jacobson, 1968)
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students that teachers were told had higher potential improved their IQ scores b/c of teacher's unconcious behaviors
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How are clinical and social psychology similiar?
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may address: how people cope with anxiety or pressure in social situations: how depressed and non-depressed people differ in the way they percieve or act; how being bullied can affect self-worth
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How are social and personality psych different?
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social focuses on how situations affect most individuals regardless of different personalities, personality focuses on finding differences among individuals
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What is the difference between social psych and sociology?
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sociology = focus on group level
social psych = focus on individual level |
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How does social psych differ from cognitive psych?
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social psych is interested in studying mental processes (thinking, learning, remembering, reasoning, etc.) but in relation to social information
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Who is credited with publishing the first American social psych paper?
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Norman Triplett
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What was Norman Triplett's paper about?
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studied that bicyclists race faster against each other than the clock
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Who is given credit for establishing social psych as a distinct field of study?
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William McDougall, Edward Ross, Floyd Allport
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What researcher did groundbreaking social research in the 1930s that demonstrated that it was possible to study processes like conformity, social influence, etc. in scientific terms?
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Muzafer Sherif
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What fundamental principles of social psych did Kurt Lewin help establish?
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- what we do depends to a large extent on how we percieve and interpret the world around us
- behavior is a function of interaction between person and environment - social psych theories should be applied to important, practical issues |
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What was the focus of social psych i the mid 60s- mid 70s
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examined people's respones to authority (milgram), aggression, physical attractiveness, stress
debate over ethics of certain procedures |
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When was the pluralistic approach developed?
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mid 1970s-1990s
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What is the logic behind a pluralistic approach?
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different topics require different investigations --> a wide variety of research techniques is needed
no research method is perfect --> multimethod approach increases chances that results reflect the characteristics of any one approach |
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social congition
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the study of how people percieve, remember and interpret info about themselves/others
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social neuroscience
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the study of the relationship between neural processes and social processes
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behavioral genetics
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subset of psych that examines the role of genetic factors in behavior
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evolutionary psychology
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a subfield of psychology that uses the principles of evolution to understand human social behavior
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culture
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system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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cross-cultural research
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research designed to compare and contrast people of different cultures
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What are the ABCs of the self?
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affect, behavior, congition
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What is the Jones correspondant theory?
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choice is presumed to reflect congruence between behavior and attitude (disposition)
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What is social perception?
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the process by which people come to understand each other
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impressions
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the ways in which we make judgements about each other based on initial information
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What are reasons for forming impressions?
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people don't like uncertainty
provide useful cues |
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What are the types of cues used to form impressions?
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situational
superficial behavioral |
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Examples of superficial cues
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physical appearance, body expression, dress, attractiveness
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Examples of situational cues
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social scripts specific to cultures
ex: dating script |
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Examples of behavioral cues
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nonverbal cues
ex: flirting behavior, touch |
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What attributes can be used to detect lies?
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face, voice, words
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What is the worst way to detect lies?
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the person's words
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What is the most accurate way to detect lies?
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pitch, cadence of person's voice
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What are the three steps of Kelly's Covariation Theory?
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Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency
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What is meant by consensus?
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does it hold true across a larger group
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What is meant by distinctiveness?
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Is this an unusual or a common action/reaction/etc. for the persn
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What is meant by consistency?
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does the person feel/think/act this way always when placed in this situation
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What is the order of the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle?
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perciever's expecatations --> perciever's behavior towards target --> targets behavior towards perciever
cycle starts again |
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What is debriefing?
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participants in an experiment are made aware of all aspects of the study (if deception was used, study's real purpose must be revealed)
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What is informed consent?
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participant reads written description of experiment, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality, abilitity to withdraw at any time and contact info for researcher
written consent or implied consent by participation |
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self-schemas
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beliefs people hold about themselves that help in the processing of self-relevant information
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What is development of the social-self based on?
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self-awareness (ability to see self as distinct entity)
looking glass self - using others perceptions of you as a guide |
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introspection
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self-knowledge through looking inward at the self
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How accurate is introspection?
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onot very - People create personal histories/stories/implicit theories when faced with the unknown (asked to explain why)
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o Affective forecasting
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– prediction of how we are going to feel in the future is affected by current circumstances
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o Durability bias
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inaccuracy of how we percieve how long we are going to feel as the result of a certain event
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Self-perception theory
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people learn about themselves by watching their own behavior
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Self-perception Theory Support
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facial feedback hypothesis
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facial feedback hypothesis
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changes in facial expression can lead to changes in the subjective experience of emotions
o When asked to frown or smile, sadness/depression is elevated in frowning roup, happiness is elevated in smiling group |
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overjustification effect
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when people are given extrinsic rewards for participating in a task they all ready find intrinsically motiavted to enage in
o Outcome is less likelihood to engage or reason for the engagement becomes more about the extrinsic than the intrinsic reasons |
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social comparison theory
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we define and percieve ourselves relative to others
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downward social comparison
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• Ex: cancer patient is paired w/ cancer survivor diagnosed in same stage/same type but is struggling
• Way to show “what not to do” • A way to separate yourself from the bad example |
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upward social comparison
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• Ex: cancer patient is paired w/ cancer survivor diagnosed in same stage/same type and is doing well
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o Autobiographical Memories
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we are our memories and these function to create a coherent self-concept
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• Self-enhancing bias
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any tendency to gather or interpret information concerning the self in a way that leads to overly positive evalutations
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• Self-esteem
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the affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations
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Is self-esteem stable?
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yes, "state" level fluctautes around a stable "trait" level
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What are the three aspects of self-disrepancy theory?
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ought
real ideal |
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Bigger self descrepancies lead to ___________ outcomes
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worse
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self-awareness theory
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increasing self-awareness causes us to become more aware of discrepancies
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implicit egoism
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focusing on things/materials that are self-relevant
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BIRGing
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basking in the reflected glory of others
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CORFing
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cutting off reflected failure of others
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• Self-Presentation
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process by which we try and shape what others think of us
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o Strategic self-presentatin
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efforts to shape others’ impressions in specific ways to gain influence, power, sympathy or approval
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• Self-Monitoring
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tendency to regulate one’s own behavior to meet the demands of the situation
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High Self-Monitors
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• Adapt to situation
• More concerneed w/ strategic self-presentation |
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Low Self-Monitors
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• Behave consistently
• More concerned w/ self verification |
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What is the purpose of the belmont report?
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outline basic ethical guidelines for psych
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