Social Psychology Exam 1

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psychology perspective

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comes from an individual processes perspective

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sociology perspective

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comes from how does the individual fit in the society perspective

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Impt. of theory (Lewin)

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"There is nothing so practical as a good theory." Good science will give global laws of human behavior

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Scientific method

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- a systematic series of steps that we go through to test hypothesis

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Theory

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Abstract statement about the world - not testable because it is too abstract - is broken down into smaller testable hypothesis

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Hypothesis

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statement of relationship between two or more variable

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Variable

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- properties that can differ in quantity or quality

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Case study

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observe closely and take note; a lot of rich detailed data; not representative; can't generalize; can't publish; gives possible explanation of behavior

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Sample Survey

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Three types of surveys: Random, representative, and biased; need 1200 to get a true statistic

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Correlation

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size (strength) and direction

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Experiment

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only method that allows you to talk about causality. Allows you to rule out alternate explanations for findings

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Independent variable

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- thought to be cause in cause/effect relations;It just needs to exist; the experiment will determine how much it can effect (by manipulating it)

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Dependent variable

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the measured effect

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Experimental control

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holding all variables constant except for the one under study

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Random assignment

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each subject has equal chance to be in each condition

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Internal validity

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extent to which changes in dependent measure are necessarily brought about by changes in your manipulation

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External validity

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the extent to which one can generalize from the laboratory to the real world

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Deception

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- in order to get honest info from subjects you have to deceive them; Omission - tell them what they are going to do, background, don't tell them everything, only what they are doing; Comission - deliberately mislead, deception, biggest type of comission Most studies are omission

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Informed consent

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- instructions that explain the procedures about to be performed

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Human values

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- personal convictions about what is desirable and how people ought to behave

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Social representations

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- socially shared beliefs - widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world

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Random Sample

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every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected

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Hindsight Bias

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our tendency to exaggerate our ability to have foreseen the outcome of an event only after the outcome is already known

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Confound

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occurs when an independent variable is accidently correlated with a 3rd variable

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Social cognition

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how everyone interprets events (same events) differently

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Heuristics

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aides to processing

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Schemas

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type of heuristic; a cognitive structure that people use to organize their knowledge about the social world by theme or subject

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Accessibility

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- more easily something is recalled the higher we estimate it's likelihood to be

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Availability

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a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

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Representativeness

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- information about a person that is a characteristic

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Base-rate fallacy

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If people have both base rate information and contradictory but representative information about an individual they ignore base rate information and judge only how representative an individual is of a specific category.

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Illusory correlation

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perception of relationship where none exists or is much weaker than it actually is. It occurs because we look for it and then find it and do not pay attention to any other data.

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Primacy effect

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that which is learned first is learned best

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Assimilation

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the integration of new knowledge or information with what is already known into the schema

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Accommodation

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the modification of schema in response something learned - new information

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Kelley cube

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cube looks for co variation between behavior and what occurs.
1. Distinctiveness - Does the person respond the way to all events or only to this type of event.
2. Consensus - Do all people respond this way to this event or only this person?
3. Consistency - Will this person always act this way all the time to this event

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Fundamental attribution error

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a general bias on the part of an observer, whereby individuals tend to explain the behavior of others in terms of internal factors to a greater extent than situational factors

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Actor-observer effect

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the perceived cause of an event follows from the particular perspective of the explainer. An observer of an individual’s behavior displays a tendency to attribute the causes of that behavior to internal characteristics of the actor whereas the person carrying out the act in question explains their own behavior as having resulted from external circumstances (type of attribution error)

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Self-serving Bias

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a common pattern of explanation for personal success or failure and refers to the tendency for individuals to explain success as internally derived and failure as resulting from external, situational factors

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False consensus bias

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Tendency to perceive a high agreement with our own judgments and social interactions of the world

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Sexist bias

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We are socialized in a way to attribute a man's success to his ability, lack of success to low effort; a woman's success to it an easy task, got lucky, or tried really hard, not something attributable to ability. A man's failure to lack of effort, and a woman's failure to low ability

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Perseverance of attribution

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- it is very difficult to change our mind once we make up our mind

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Search for antecedent causes

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Once a reason is stated for something, even if later found out to be false, we won't go back to correct

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Attribution theory

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the theory of how people explain other's behavior, for example, by attributing it wither to internal disposition or to external situations

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

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A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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Overconfidence

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the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs

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Confirmation bias

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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

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Illusion of Control

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perception of uncontrollable events as subject to no one's control or as more controllable than they are

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Self-Serving biases

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the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

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Four types of self-serving biases

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1. credit taking
2. working with others
3. inflated self
4. unrealistic optimism

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Just world phenomenon

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the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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Self-esteem

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- a person's overall self-evaluation of sense of self worth

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Self-reference

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- The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself

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individualism

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the concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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collectivism

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giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly

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Social comparison

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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

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Self-inflation

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we tend to exaggerate our desirable traits. Adaptive quality - the inflated self can be considered somewhat of an adaptive quality that helps protect our self.

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Unrealistic optimism

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what you perceive to expect in future events is higher than likely by statistics

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Depression

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- Not regarding clinically depressed people; people who can be more self-analytical, have a more realistic perception of things as they are; more pessimistic, not have unrealistic optimism about themselves

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"Sadder but wiser"

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depressive realism - the tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attribution, and predictions

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Self-handicapping

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protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for failure later

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Self-presentation

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the act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.

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Possible selves

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images of what we dream or dread becoming in the future

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Self-efficacy

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- a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self-worth

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Locus of control

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the extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance of outside forces

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Learned helplessness

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the hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

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False uniqueness

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the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon other's behavior (also called correspondence bias, because we so often see behavior as corresponding to an disposition)