Soc Of Fam Final Exam

Front 1

population growth
-fertility vs fecundity

Back 1

fertility rate is the actual number of births while the fecundity is a potential.
- drop in birth and death rates

Front 2

Reducing fertility rates

Back 2

• Higher divorce rates reduces fertility rates

• Improved technology→ birth control, abortion, adoption, more remaining childless by choice, sex education classes, religion, women working.
• More people receiving a formal education- marriages were postponed.
• More women worked outside the home.
• Social security and other retirement plans reduced the need for many children to take care of them.
• Especially in cities, having children can be economic burden (needed clothes, food, school supplies, etc.) rather than a benefit
• Children are more likely to survive child birth

Front 3

Thomas Malthus Demographic theory in 1700

Back 3

Thomas Malthus Demographic theory in 1700: a societies ability to have children will always exceed the societies ability to increase the production of food and other survival products. Overpopulation would always be a problem, war, disease, and starvation would be a permanent part of human life.
• Birth rates
• Death rates
Three Economic Stages:
1. Primary stage (food production) All productive activities were directed toward providing basic necessities like food and shelter (hunting-gathering and agricultural models of production). High birth and death rates
2. Secondary stage (manufacturing) Increasing amounts of productive activities were directed toward manufacturing and sanitary living conditions.
Germ theory of disease- lead to better sanitation systems. This accelerated the drop in deaths while birthrates remained the same. Population explosion resulted. Fertility rate began to decline.
3. Tertiary stage (information and services)
If industrialized societies would help the rest of the world to become more industrialized. There is still a large population growth in poorer nation but a shortage of food/ other necessities

Front 4

Fertility choice in contemporary America
-baby boomers
-ideal family
-universal preference

Back 4

o Birthrate increased during our heaviest time in war, about 1946 and tapered in 1960- baby boomers, but has declined since then.
o “ideal” family size is two children in other postindustrial societies and in the United States- mean is just over three children.
o A universal preference for male children. Included a box we mentioned in class about how that preference for male children has been simplified to accommodate by the introduction of modern medicine and technology equipment

Front 5

-Peak of Adoption

Back 5

o Peak of adoption was in 1970 – 170,000

Front 6

- Peak of international adoption

Back 6

o 2004- peak of international adoptions

Front 7

-factors that have reduced the number of adoption

Back 7

-abortion
-birth control
-downfall in birthrates
-more people are childless by choice
-people are having fewer children
-people willing to raise children alone
-more sexual education

Front 8

-International adoptions - at some stage they were attempting to supplement in country adoptions

Back 8

-numbers over time have changed depending on political climate of where children were born / US relationship with the country

Front 9

-Foster care - purpose

Back 9

provide temporary resources for children of families who cannot care for them are taken away and the children will return to the parents at some point in the future when they can care for them

Front 10

Consequences of aging out of foster care-
-jail

Back 10

- 27% of the males and 10 % of the females end up in jail within one year or year and a half

Front 11

Consequences of aging out of foster care
-unemployed

Back 11

- 50% are unemployed
-

Front 12

Consequences of aging out of foster care
- did not finish high school

Back 12

- 37% did not finish high school

Front 13

Consequences of aging out of foster care
-receive public assistance

Back 13

- 33% receive some kind of public assistance

Front 14

Consequences of aging out of foster care
-birth to a child

Back 14

- 19% have given birth to children

Front 15

Consequences of aging out of foster care
-mental health/ counseling before and after

Back 15

- Before leaving foster care about half 47% of the children while still in foster care homes were receiving counseling or medication for mental health problems
-- After 18, only 21% were still receiving this help

Front 16

Why are foster kids not adopted?

Back 16

-only 16% were eligible for being adopted-- biological parents must relinquish parental rights or they must die

Front 17

Alice Rossi- 5 salient features of parenthood

Back 17

1. Cultural pressure to parent
2. can’t select the exact timing of when you have children
3. once you are a parent you will always be a parent of the role of a parent
4. Child raising norms are not as clear as they used to be
5. If affects husband wife relationship

Front 18

Michelle Hoffnung - motherhood mystiques

Back 18

1. Women achieve fulfillment by becoming mothers- women are multifaceted characters
2. Body of work assigned to women fit together in a conflict manor- juggling housework, husband, children- role conflict
3. Women must like being a mother and all work that goes with it
4. Women’s explosive exclusivity- responsibility is shared with other people in the community
5. Intense mothering can have negative effects on children

Front 19

Why adults have/need children

Back 19

o New project
o Carry on family name
o Carry on bloodline
o Uncertainty reduction theory: children reduce the uncertainty of the future for parents
o Sense of attachment
o Social pressure or expectations
o Stabilizing a marriage

Front 20

Social Consequences of Parenthood

Back 20

1. Employment patterns changed: women’s loss of income on the family after having children will never be recovered, the husband might pick up hours but it will not suffice
*Men increase working schedule with children
2. Psychological stress and anger: the mother is seen as the angrier parent (economic inequality and inequitable distribution of childcare) – each additional child increases anger for both parents
3. Short-term marital stability: marital satisfaction drops with the presence of children, when children enter a marriage, particularly the 1st child, the likelihood of divorce is reduced for a short time
Breaking Hypothesis: when children are in their preschool years there is some deterrent to ending the marriage at that time

Front 21

Socialization

Back 21

the learning habits, expectations, skills, beliefs, and hopes for successful participation in groups - the process of acquiring the physical and emotional skills needed to belong in a society
• This is a never-ending process of developing the self and of learning the ways of a given society and culture. Not only do parents influence and shape the behavior of children, but also children do the same to parents.

Front 22

Socialization theory (psychological)
-list

Back 22

-Behavioral
-Psychoanalytic
-Child development

Front 23

Socialization theory (psychological)

-Behavioral/Learning

Back 23

Behavioral: learned or behavioral studies assume that the same concepts and principles that apply to lower animals apply to humans

• Watson and Skinner
• Stimulus/response theory and behaviorism

*Classical conditioning: response to a known stimulus (ex. Pavlov’s dog experiment)
*Operant conditioning: attention on learned response (response comes with award)

Front 24

Socialization theory (psychological)

-Psychoanalytic

Back 24

Psychoanalytic: Sigmund Freud believed that the adult’s basic personality is formed by the time the child is 5 or 6 years old, emphasis on internal conflicts much more than external conflicts – motives and feelings, internal drives and unconscious processes

• Oral Stage: baby’s mouth, first year, emotional attachments to mother (food, warmth, sucking) child get pleasure with mouth – taking in and holding, biting, spitting, closing
• Anal Stage: toilet training, retention and elimination, mother pleased by child’s poops → child will grow to want to please others and themselves, if mother is strict child might poop pants and become messy, wasteful, and extravagant
• Phallic Stage: child becomes preoccupied with genitals – before this, both sexes love the mother but during this stage the son becomes infatuated with his mother and envy’s his father but fears that his father will remove his penis (castration anxiety). The daughter loves her father and envies his penis (source of male domination, male superiority)
• Latency Stage: erotic desires repressed and children form attachments to same sex

Front 25

Socialization theory (psychological)

-Child Development: Erik Erikson and stages of development

Back 25

*Erik Erikson and stages of development, about eight that continue through your lifetime, deal with crisis and overcome them and you will succeed

Front 26

Socialization theory (psychological)
-Child Development: *Jean Piaget and stages of cognitory development:

Back 26

*Jean Piaget and stages of cognitory development:
1. Sensory Motor Stage: touchy feely stage (0-18 months), baby becomes aware
2. Preoperational Stage: learn to use language and think symbolically
3. Concrete Operational: reversibility of thought, adult thinking begins
4. Formal Operational: we can be by age twelve

-interested in the changing thought process of young children

Front 27

Socialization theory (psychological)
-Child Development: Lawrence Kohlberg and stages of moral development

Back 27

*Lawrence Kohlberg and stages of moral development
1. Preconventional Stage: Zero-ten years old, people do good or what they are told is the right thing to avoid punishment or to achieve some personal gain
2. Conventional Stage: Doing the right thing to seek acceptance and be thought of as a good person to parents, teacher, and friends who are important
3. Postconventional Stage: Doing the right thing because you know what is right and wrong, understanding charity and integrity and not expecting social approval, based on values

Front 28

-Symbolic Interactionism
-Socialization theory (sociological)
George Herbert Meads

Back 28

said the self is the person's conscious recollection that he is an individual in society

Three Stages –
1. The Imitation Stage: child mimicking what people do
2. The Play Stage: child learns to take on the role of another person
3. The Game Stage: child can understand an array of roles

Goal = people learn to see themselves from the standpoints of multiple others who are either physically and/or symbolically present

Front 29

-Symbolic Interactionism
-Socialization theory (sociological)
Charles H. Cooley

Back 29

Charles H. Cooley: The theory of the looking glass elf describes what Cooley saw as a process that individuals use others like mirrors and base conceptions of themselves on the reflections during social interactions
We imagine how others see us, we imagine their reaction to our imagined appearance, we evaluate ourselves according to how we imagine others have judged us → we can totally misread how other’s see us but all we have is our imagination

Front 30

ABC Video With John Stossel

Back 30

• Sibling rivalry and abuse: the sibling dance is the way that siblings operate during fights, this includes the aggressor and the victim – the parents follow these titles too and constantly punish the aggressor after the victim tells on them even though the victim is usually the instigator and the victim gets cared for
• Sibling violence is the most frequent and accepted form of violence, 40% of children have hit a sibling with an object during the preceding years, 82% have engaged in some form of violence against a sibling, explained through sibling rivalry/jealousy, chores, distribution of resources, reacting abusively towards a sibling is both more equitable and acceptable than reacting abusively towards one’s parents.

Front 31

“Four Facets of Fatherhood”

Back 31

1. Emotional Closeness
2. Provision (PRIMARY FACT)
3. Protection
4. Endowment

Front 32

Annette Lareau- unequal childhood reading→

Back 32

Annette Lareau- unequal childhood reading→
• Middle class parents follow a cultural logic of “concerted cultivation” child rearing.
o They enroll their children in numerous age-specific organized activities
o They stress language use and the development of reasoning.
• Working class/ poor parents emphasize the “accomplishment of natural growth” strategy.
o They believe as long as they provide food, love, and safety, their children will grow and thrive.
• Parenting in the working class/poor homes:
• Advantages: Children more respectful of adults, clear boundaries between adults and children, adults feel comfortable issuing directives to children, which children comply with immediately
• Disadvantages: Lack of reasoning skills, lacks: large vocabulary, increase in knowledge of science and politics, a set of tools to customize situations outside the home to maximize his advantage, and instruction in how to defend his argument with evidence.

Front 33

Stephen Mintz reading-

Back 33

Stephen Mintz reading-
• History of childhood, 3 phases
o Pre-modern childhood: young children were viewed as adults in training
o Modern childhood: children were regarded as innocent, malleable and fragile
o Postmodern childhood breakdown of dominant norms about the family, gender roles, age and even reproduction
• we have fallen short because Americans have failed to adopt social institutions to the fact that the young mature more rapidly than they did in the past; that most mothers of preschoolers now participate in the paid workforce; and that a near majority of children will spend substantial parts of their childhood in a single-parent, cohabiting parent, or stepparent household.

Front 34

Grandparents

Back 34

12.3% are 65 and older.
• The three-grand-parenting styles are remote, companionate, and involved:
• Remote relationships were characterized as largely symbolic, with little if any direct contact. Often geographic distance and/or divorce were factors in limiting the amount of grandparent-grandchild contact.
• Companionate grandparent-relationships tend to focus more on leisure activities and friendship.
• Involved grandparents took a more active role in their grandchildren’s lives, often taking on a more parental role.

Front 35

Myths of Family Violence- Gellis and Straus

Back 35

1. The family is a nonviolent institution – the family is actually the most violent social institution other than the political social institution when we are at war
2. Abusers are aliens and victims are innocent – abusers look like normal people and victims can be anyone
3. Abuse is confined to poor minority families – found in every social class and abuse is higher in families with economic stress but it does not only occur in the lower class
4. Children who are abused grow up to be abusers – there is an element of truth in the notion but not all abusers have been abused
5. Alcohol and drugs are the real causes of violence in the home – There is some link but to say that every incidence involves alcohol or drugs is not true
6. Battered women like being hit – people say if they didn’t like it they would leave but this is obviously very complicated and untrue
7. Violence and love are incompatible – the people who are abused or do abuse often claim to love the victim/abuser. They can be very loving and attentive at the intermediate situations in life

Front 36

Factors For Understanding Family Violence

Back 36

1. Sexual Property Rights: women are possessions and male are proprietors
2. Economic Strain: higher levels of violence in social classes with limited resources. Lower class families experience more economic strain and spousal abuse
3. Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: The more violent a husband is to his wife, the more violent she will be to her children
4. Social Isolation: there is no one there to give you feedback about what to do, victims tend to suffer low self esteem and blame themselves

Front 37

Prisoner Families- Consequences of a parent in prison (reading):

Back 37

Child - children must come to terms with an absent parent, the stigma of parental imprisonment, altered support system that may include grandparents, foster care or new adult in the home. Children become prone to delinquency.
Incarcerated Parents – must learn to cope with loss of contact with children, infrequent visits in inhospitable environments, lost opportunities to contribute to child’s development. Mother’s struggle to maintain contact with incarcerated husband while others sever contact completely.
Community – in those communities where prison rates are high, the experience of having a parent in prison is quite commonplace with untold consequences for foster care systems, multiple generational households, social services, parenting patterns, and childhood development. Creates gender imbalance, fewer financial resources for the family and strains on a person watching the child
Gender Imbalance – young women complain about the shortage of men who are suitable marriage prospects because so many of the young men cycle in and out of prison. This results in an increase of female-headed households and narrowed roles for fathers in the lives of their children and men in the lives of women and families in general. As more young men grow up with less stable attachment to girlfriend, spouses and intimate partners, the masculine identity is redefined

Front 38

Michal Johnson, domestic violence

Back 38

1. Common Couple Violence – his involves conflict between couples with an occasional outburst of violence from either husband or wives.
2. Patriarchal Terrorism—this is a product of patriarchal traditions of men’s right to control “their” women, not only be a systematic use of violence by economic subordination, threads, isolation, and other control factors.
• This pattern of violence is often referred to as wife beating, wife battery and battered women.


-focus on male abuse of women

Front 39

Three Major Perspectives on Family Violence

Back 39

Therapeutic Model: are rooted in beliefs about gender – victims are advised to go to therapy to get rid of mindsets acquired early in life
• Learned helplessness, battered women syndrome, they believe a powerful male must be in control
• Criticism: too much emphasis on individual psychology, problem also rooted in the broader society not just the individual, victim is blamed
Family violence/Social Structural Model: blame the society for problems in family and calls for changes in society to address the problem – male dominance where force is key to the way males deal with conflict. Cultural norms that permit violence in families (spanking)

Feminist Social Structural Model: more emphasis on gender inequality and the oppression of women. Looks at the norms that condone violence against women in particular. Batter is control used by men to maintain gender inequality.

Front 40

No fault divorce

Back 40

No-Fault Divorce: a divorce where neither party is at fault
• Goals: to make divorce less restrictive by reducing the legal and economic obstacles to divorce, to improve the social-psychological and communication climate of divorce by abolishing the concept of fault,
• Divorcing mothers are faring more poorly under this

Front 41

Divorce: Model/Median Year

Back 41

In the US, there is a greater likelihood of divorce in the early years of marriage, in the first year of marriage only about 3% end in divorce
Model Years for Divorce: 2nd year, 3rd year, and 4th year of divorce
Median Year of Divorce: The 8th year

Front 42

factors that predict divorce

Back 42

Jealousy, drinking, spending money, moodiness, bad communication, and anger increased the odd of divorce 10-12 years later
Wives traditional attitudes are associated with lower odds and husbands traditional attitudes associated with higher odds
Physical Violence and Extramarital Sex

Front 43

Ways of measuring or counting divorce

Back 43

1. # Of divorce in a year- in the year 2000- 1.125 million divorces
2. Ratio of # divorces/ # of marriages- 50/1000
3. Crude divorce rate - # divided/ 1000 people in the population
4. Refined divorce rate- # divorced/ 1000 married women 15+ years-14.9/18.8
5. Data from longitudinal study (44-6% of marriages end in divorce before one of the spouses dies)

Front 44

The likelihood of divorce based on what factors

Back 44

A. Societal Factors – Changing nature of the family, social integration, individualistic cultural views (look out for themselves)
B. Demographic Factors – Socioeconomic status (level of education, income, etc.): employment status (higher the employment status typically for the male, the lower the divorce rate – if females have higher employment status then outcome is opposite), higher the male income for the family, the lower the divorce rate (opposite for females), higher the education of the family, the lower the divorce rate
• professional women with higher are less likely to marry, more likely to divorce, and less likely to remarry after first marriage fails (trend may be changing → college educated women should be proud of accomplishments)
C. Life Course Factors – If I grow up in a violent home my family as an adult will more likely have violence – children of divorce are at greater risk of divorce in their marriage (children of divorce are exposed to non-ideal relationships) and if your parents relationship split, and they remarried into a good relationship you’re not afraid of the unknown and you can see that marriage can be good, your age at marriage: teen marriages are less stable then marriages that take place after the age of twenty
D. Family Process Factors – the birth of the first child reduces the incidence of divorce in the first year after their birth to almost nothing → parents of sons are more likely to divorce than parents of daughters, children complicate the marriage but women with no children have higher rates of divorce, traditional wives lessen divorce, traditional husbands increase

Front 45

Paul Bohanan – 6-step process of divorce.

Back 45

1. Emotional Divorce – point at which one partner puts emotional distance into marriage
2. Legal Divorce – court says marriage is over and everything is divided
3. Economic Divorce – typically the wives standard of living drops about 27% and the males increase about 10%: woman must increase earnings, obtain more support, or remarry
4. Co-Parental Divorce – how you deal with raising your children going back and forth
5. Community Divorce – splitting up friends and in-laws, end old relationships and pick up new ones
6. Psychic Divorce – accomplished when your former spouse becomes irrelevant to yourself and emotional wellbeing

Front 46

First State to Recognize Civil Unions

Back 46

Vermont

Front 47

First State to Recognize Same Sex Marriage

Back 47

Massachusetts

Front 48

States with same sex marriage

Back 48

Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Washington, D.C.

Front 49

Preventative programs

Back 49

-UNIVERSAL programs that are available to the entire population to prevent problems from arising
-sex education
-minimum wage
-drug awareness

Front 50

Ameliorative programs

Back 50

-programs that are aimed undo a problem
-food stamps
-programs about domestic abuse

Front 51

What will the future bring?

Back 51

1. Women will continue to work outside the home
2. Economic things will reduce women wanting to marry/have children
3. There will be continuous shifts in the proportions of younger children and adults – fewer births, declining mortality rates; population will be more elderly than young
4. Families will continue to be the primary source of socialization, security, affection, and meaning → will remain the largest social station

Front 52

Conservatism view
Liberalism view
Feminist view

Back 52

Conservatism View:
-focus on the family as a care giving institution and try to restore its strengths by changing the culture of marriage and parenthood inside the family.
-focuses on the well-being of family through tradition outlooks/roles
Liberalist View: Liberals argue that structural changes are needed outside the family in the public world of employment and schools.
-focus is less on structure, places more emphasis on the well being of children
Feminist View:
-Want to protect diverse family forms
-The feminist vision combines both the reality of human interdependence in the family and individualism in the workplace.
-focuses on well being of individuals with focus on fixing what's wring in the family

Front 53

The future of family
- Eshelman

Back 53

- Eshelman
- changes will be welcomed or rejected depending on your frame of reference
- the family is not a uniformed entity- myth of family that it is a universal kind of phenomenon. diversity is the hallmark of american family

Front 54

The future of family
-Davanza

Back 54

- women are not getting out of the workplace. Women will continue to work outside of the home- dual earners
- economic opportunities for women will reduce their incentive to marry and have children or will delay marriage and child bearing and may keep divorce rate high. have their own income and do not depend on marriage to live.
- there will be a continued shift in proportion of children and older children in society, extended lifetimes of individuals

Front 55

abortion

Back 55

-----about 1.3 million a year, down from 1.5 peak in 1985
---eighty percent of abortions are unmarried
---most women are 20-24
----women are most likely if they are under than 15
----almost half of teen pregnancy are induced abortion
----abortion rate
---94 for married/ 466 for unmarried among 1000 pregnancies
-----59 percent of abortions are white women

Front 56

infanticide

Back 56

- many times kill little girls because the society has a preference for boy babies

Front 57

preference for male children

Back 57

made easier by modern medical technology

Front 58

Child dance

Back 58

"agressor" / "victim" - sibling fighting.. etc

Front 59

how many women are killed a year by boyfriend/husband

Back 59

1500

Front 60

sociological explanations for why violence occurs in family

Back 60

o Sexual property rights: women are possessions and males are proprietors.
o Economic strain: higher levels of violence in social classes with limited resources. Lower class families experience more economic strain and spousal abuse.
o Intergeneration transmission of violence: The more violent a husband is to his wife, the more violent she will be to her children
o Social isolation: there is no one there to give you feedback about what to do. Victims tend to suffer low self esteem and blame themselves.

Front 61

Factors related to the likelihood of divorce

Back 61

o Societal factors: Changing nature of the family, social integration, individualistic cultural views (look out for themselves)
o Demographic factors: Socioeconomic status (level of education, income, etc.), blacks more likely to divorce than whites, Mexican and Cubans Americans have a lower divorce rate than whites, Mexicans and Cubans stay together bc of religious ideas (separate but don’t divorce), Asians have the lowest rate of divorce, religion (jewish have lowest rate, then catholics and protestants), families without church involvement have higher divorce rates
o Life course factors: age at marriage: teen marriages are less stable than marriages after the age of 20, premarital pregnancy especially among teens, remarriage (greater for couples who have remarried),
o Family process factors: marital happiness (critical in early years of marriage), first baby gives a little protection, presence of preschool children decreases chance of divorce, parents of sons are less likely to divorce than parents of daughters, women with no children have higher divorce rates (element of freedom), wives traditional attitudes lower the likelihood of divorce, husbands traditional attitudes increase the likelihood of divorce

Front 62

• Ways to help better transition children after a divorce

Back 62

1. More competent custodial parents and parenting. 2. Timely and appropriate parenting of parent not living in the house (needs to be more available) 3. Diminish conflict between parents following divorce