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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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non-specific
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body recognizes surface of something as foreign.
ex: AIHA where surface of rbc's changes and body attacks it. |
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Specific immunity
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sees foreign body and recognizes and attacks.
self vs. nonself. Lymphocytes. |
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Antigen:
Antibody: |
-foreign substance
-kills antigen |
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Immunity:
Immunity includes what types of cells? |
/the body's ability to specifically counteract or neutralize foreign microbes or other foreign substances and to remember
Lymphocytes- -T cells: cellular immunity -th helper cells -ts suppressor cells -Tc cytoxic cells -B cells- humoral immunity - memory cells - plasma cells-AB -NK natural killer cells. |
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T cells include?
B cells |
derived bone cells mature in thymus
Th helper cells Ts suppressor cells tc cytoxic cells -memory cells -plasma cells-AB (antibody prdction) ie immunoglobulins) |
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Total protein is:
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Immunoglobulins and albumin
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Antigen (AG) definition?
Prominent antigenic determinants? |
Foreign substance which are capable of provoking an immune response.
- membrane components (antigenic determinants) which are recognized as foreign by the immune system. -Prominent antigenic determinents -mammalian cell membrane -bac outer surface (capsule, cell wall) -surface structures of other microorganisms -bac exotoxins? |
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Antibody (AB) definition?
What is the major immunoglobulin in normal serum? What does it do and what is it capable of? |
Specific glycoproteins termed immunoglobulins
-produced by body in response to an antigen. Ab binds specifically to Ag that induced formation. -primary function is to combine with antigen -5 distinct classes -(IgG is the major immunoglobulin in norm serum) -IgG neutrolizes toxins and binds to microorgansims -capable of crossing placenta activates compliment |
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What is a complement?
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A series of 20 or more proteins in the serum
- bind microbial surface or certain antibodies -form membrane attack complex that pierces cell membrane -results in microorganism lysis -enhances inflam produces phagocytosis and inflam |
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Antibody structure consists of 2 distinct functional portions?
What does the antibody do when it is encountered by an antigen? |
-variable portion is specific for the antigen
-constant portion is same in all antibodies of same class. -When an antigen is encountered by an appropriate antibody the antobody binds to the antigen to form a complex... |
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Classes of antibodies
IgG? IgM? |
-most abundant serum antibody
-produced after IgMs in immune response -crosses placenta-passive immunity (w/ comes from colostrum) -activates compliment (inflam and calling in other cells IgM- first antibody produced during an infxn -exists as pentamer in solution or as monomer on surface of B-cell -complement fixation -J chains-protein molecules *Both IgG andIgM are involved in complement |
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Classes of antibodies continued:
IgA? IgD? IgE? |
IgA- localized protection on mucosal surfaces
-mucosal immunity *found in secretions, tears, saliva, milk -most common Ig in body/ tissues on can exist as dimer? IgD: present on B-cells, functions in initiation of immune response IgE: lowest concentration of all Ig -found on mast( w/ release histamine) and bsaophilic cells -allergic responses |
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Dexamethesone?
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Great for itchy skin: stabilizes mast cells w produce histamines.
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IgA intranasal vaccinations?
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intranasal vacs ie. kennel cough :to build a stronger immunity.
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Natural active immunity?
Acquired active immunity? Natural passive immunity? Acquired passive immunity? |
strongest
- become actively resistant to disease by having it. Acquired active immunity - develops resistance from vac Natural passive immunity - antibodies are transmitted from mother to offspring (colostrum) Acquired passive immunity - antibodies produced in donor animal are injected to recipient (ie..antivenom?) |
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Modified live vs killed?
Adjuvant? |
modified live 2 stim body better (don't contain adjuvant) (risky)
killed is safer. adjuvant- irritant added 2 vaccine 2 stim a better response..leads to tumors. |
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Immunizations?
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vaccine made by injecting a suspension of microorganism into an animal to elicit an antibody response but not causing dz.
-organsims are attenuated (alive but weakend) -cause longer lasting response -organisms are inactivated (killed) -safer. |
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Elisa?
What does it use and how is the specifity? |
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
-use monoclonial antibody to detect antigen -specificity very high -must run +/- controls |
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Elisa antigen detection?
How does it work? |
-monoclonial antibody bound 2 surface (wells, membrane, plastic wand)
-antigen in patient sample will bind to antibody -enzyme linked antibody added to aid in detection of antigen -substrate added to mix and reacts w enzyme to give color change |
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Elisa Antibody detection?
How does it work? |
Antigen is bound to surface
-antibody in patient serum will react -anti-immunoglobulin labeled antibody added to aid in detection of antigen -substrate added to mix and reacts w/ enzyme to give color reaction |
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Autoimmune dz?
How does it happen and 3 examples? |
Immune system is usually tolerant to "self " antigen that would ordinarily provoke an immune response
-sometimes the recognition of these "self" antigens fails and autoimmune dz may result -production of antibody against self antigens -rheumatoid arthritis - lupus -AIHA |
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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
What happens to antigens on red cell membranes? What is the cell shape? What causes cells to lyse? |
antibodies are produced against antigens on red cell membrane
-antibody coated red cells change the membrane and cell shape so spherocytes are common -coated red cells are removed from circulation in spleen -complement can be activated w causes cells to lyse. |
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Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)
Also called coombs test -purpose of test? |
- to see if red cells are coated w antibodies in vivo
- diagnosis for aiha - can have false negatives -used when autoagglutination is absent, but immune mediated hemolytic anemia is still suspected |
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DAT procedure?
how to perform and what to look for? |
red blood cells are washed 3 times in saline to wash away any protein and unbound antibodies present in serum
-add species specific antisera antisera against IgG, IgM, and C3 (third component of complement) look for agglutination |
