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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?
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the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions
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What is kinetic energy?
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the energy of a particle or object due to its motion
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According to KMT how do particles move in a solid?
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vibrate slightly and do not change position
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According to KMT how do particles move in a liquid?
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vibrate more and move around within a fixed volume
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According to KMT how do particles move in a gas?
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vibrate greatly and move around to occupy all volume available
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What is temperature?
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a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter
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How is temperature measured?
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in degrees Fahrenheit, degrees Celsius, or Kelvin
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Name the absolute zero temperature for the three measures of temperature
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-459 degrees Fahrenheit, -273 degrees Celsius, 0 Kelvin
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Name the temperature at which water freezes for the three measures of temperature
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32 degrees Fahrenheit, 0 degrees Celsius, 273 Kelvin
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Name the temperature at which water boils for the three measures of temperature
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212 degrees Fahrenheit, 100 degrees Celsius, 373 Kelvin
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Does temperature change when the size of an object changes?
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No
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What is thermal energy?
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the total energy of all of the particles in a substance
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What is potential energy?
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the stored energy of an object or particle, due to its position or state
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What is kinetic energy?
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the energy of motion
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What is potential energy related to?
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how much the particle vibrates and how much space they take up
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What does thermal energy depend on?
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the size of the object/sample of the matter (the larger the object, the more moving particles it contains)
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What is the SI unit for energy?
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- Joules (J)
- also can use KJ or MJ when measuring large amounts of energy |
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What is heat?
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the amount of thermal energy transferred from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature
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What are the three ways of heat transfer?
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1) Conduction
2) Convection 3) Radiation |
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What is conduction?
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the transfer of thermal energy from one substance to another or within a solid by direct contact of particles
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How does conduction transfer heat?
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transfers heat from matter with a higher temperature and greater kinetic energy to matter with a lower temperature and lower kinetic energy
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What are thermal conductors?
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materials that transfer heat easily
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What are insulators?
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materials that do not transfer heat easily
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What is convection?
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the movement of a fluid caused by density differences
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What are fluids?
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substances in which the particles can flow freely
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Name a difference between conduction and convection
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convection transfers matter as well as heat
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Give two examples of fluids
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liquids and gases
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Explain convection using the kinetic molecular theory
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- as particles move faster and their kinetic energy increases, they move farther apart
- as the particles in a fluid move farther apart, the fluid expands and the density decreases - if the mass of the sample stays the same but the volume increases then the density decreases |
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What is a convection current?
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the movement of a fluid caused by density differences
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How do convection currents form?
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density differences cause warm fluid (low density) to move to cold
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Name a similarity between conduction and convection
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they both depend on the motion of particles
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What is radiation?
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the transfer of radiant energy by waves
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What is electromagnetic radiation?
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the transfer of energy by waves travelling outward in all directions from a source
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What is radiant energy?
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the energy carried by electromagnetic waves
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What is infrared radiation?
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heat radiation
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What is solar radiation?
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the transfer of radiant energy from the Sun
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Where does Earth's interior thermal energy come from?
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the core and the decay of some radioactive elements
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What are properties of radiant energy?
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- they can both travel where there are few particles of matter
- they both travel at the speed of light - both travel only in straight lines - can be reflected or absorbed by objects, and can be transmitted |
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What radiates heat?
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any object with a temperature higher than absolute zero
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