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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rival Causual factors |
Variables other than X, are independent variable that my be responsible for the outcome, for example, history, maturation selection bias |
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Spuriousness |
a false relationship that can be explained away by other variables |
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Internal validity |
Accuracy within the study itself |
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External Validity |
Accuracy in the ability to generalize or infer findings fro a study to a larger population |
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History |
Specific events other than the treatment that during the course of a study may be responsible for producing the results |
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Maturation |
Biological or physchological changes in the respondents during the course of a study that are not due to the treatment variable |
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Testing effects |
pretest effects or bias that is introduced as a result of having been pretested. Testing effects may also invalidate the ability to generalize to larger populations |
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Instrumentation |
Changes in the measuring instrument during the course of a study that invalidate comparisons |
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Statistical Regression |
Tendency of groups that have been selected for a study on the basis of extreme high or low scores to regress towards the mean on second testing |
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Selection Bias |
Involves choosing non-equivalent groups for comparison |
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Experimental Mortality |
Loss of subjects over the course of time |
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Selection maturation interaction |
Combination of errors introduced by selection bias plus the differential maturation of groups. |
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Hawthorne effect |
named for an experiment at the Hawthorne plant of western electric company. Subjects behave atypically if aware of being studied |
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Halo effect |
observers bias; observers follow an initial tendency to rate certain objects or subjects in a biased manner |
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Double blind experiment |
neither the subjects nor administration in an experiment know which group is reciving the treatment |
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Post hoc error |
incorrect assumption that because one variable precedes another in time , it is the cause of the outcome |
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Placebo effect |
tendancy of control groups to react to believed treatment in a positive manner |
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Multiple treatment interference |
outcome produced by combinations of treatments it may be difficult to isolate the specific combination or combinations responsible |
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Reactivity |
atypical or artificial behavior produced by respondents awareness of being studied |
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Testing effects |
pretest effects or bias that is introduced as a result of having been pretested. Testing effects may also invalidate the ability to generalize to larger populations |
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Control Group |
the group that is an experiment or study that does not receive treatment by the researchers and is then used as a benchmark to measure how the other test subjects did |
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pretest posttest |
used to gauge the subjects going into the study and see if they have changed after the study |
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experimental mortality |
loss of subjects over the course of time |
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control group |
group not being tested. used as benchmark for tests/study |
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experimental group |
the group that is being tested |
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dualistic fallacy |
the idea that society is dividend into criminals and non criminals |
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time series designs pro con |
measures data at a given time over the course of the study
pro: able to gather data that is relevant at that particular time and have updated information good for official measurements like quarterly crime reports
con: constant updates could cause upsets in what appears to be trends in the data |
