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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a) Describe the main philosophy of the positivist approach to scientific research. b) Determine whether positivist scientific research is based primarily in qualitative or quantitative work. |
a) There is one distinct truth, which can be uncovered if our methods are perfect. b) Quantitative. |
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a) Describe the main philosophy of the social constructionist approach to scientific research b) Determine whether social constructionist scientific research is based primarily in qualitative or quantitative work. |
a) Truths are dependent on societal context and are socially constructed. b) Qualitative. |
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Research that focuses on the works of Plato, Aristotle, etc. can be described under what research approach? |
Scholacticism |
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Which research approach includes "black-box psychology"? |
Empirical |
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What is "black-box psychology?" |
A way of researching that focuses on stimuli and behaviours without worrying about what happens in between. |
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What are two benefits of the empirical approach to research? |
It is measurable and observable. |
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What do we refer to when using the term "falsifiable"? |
The principle that it should be just as possible to disprove a hypothesis as it is to prove it. |
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What are the purposes of scientific research? |
1) To describe. 2) To explain. 3) To determine causality. 4) To predict. |
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What are the steps of the research process? |
1) Background research. 2) Statement of research question. 3) Formulation of hypothesis. 4) Designing methods. 5) Performing the study. 6) Consideration of results. |
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"Participants who use their phones will use fewer gestures than those in face-to-face conversations." This is an example of what? a) A directional hypothesis. b) A non-directional hypothesis. c) A research question. |
a) A directional hypothesis. |
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"There will be a difference in the number of gestures used by people using phones and people in face-to-face conversations." This is an example of what? a) A directional hypothesis. b) A non-directional hypothesis. c) A research question. |
b) A non-directional hypothesis. |
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"Does mode of communication influence gesture use?" This is an example of what? a) A directional hypothesis. |
c) A research question. |
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What are the three features of data fraud? |
1) Intentional falsification of data. 2) Not reporting errors. 3) Failure to produce or share raw data. |
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What are the three major examples of intentional ethical violations? |
1) Experiments performed on victims of the Holocaust. 2) The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. 3) Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiment. |
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What are two examples of unintentional ethical violations in history? |
1) Stanford Prison Experiment. 2) Milgram's Obedience Study. |
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What are the three ethical principles of the Belmont Report? |
1) Respect for persons. 2) Beneficence. 3) Justice. |
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What are the three ethical principles of the Tri-Council Policy? |
1) Respect for persons. 2) Concern for welfare. 3) Justice. |
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To what governing bodies do the REB adhere? |
1) SSHRC. 2) NSERC. 3) CIHR. |
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What is an assent form in research? |
A form stating that a person is willing to participate in research, provided by someone who is legally unable to consent (e.g. because they are a child). |
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What are the criteria of causality? |
1) Can make causal statements. 2) Establish temporal precedence. 3) Eliminate alternative hypotheses. |
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Is probability sampling random or not? |
Random. |
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Is non-probability sampling random or not? |
Not random. |
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What is a factorial design? |
A design with more than one independent variable. |
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What is the main effect in a factorial design? |
The effect that an independent variable has by itself. |
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1) How many main effects can there be in a 2x2x2 design? 2) How many two-way interactions can there be in a 2x2x2 design? 3) How many three-way interactions can there be in a 2x2x2 design? |
1) 3. 2) 3. 3) 1. |
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The ____________ approach to research is linear. |
Quantitative. |
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When should you use qualitative research approaches? |
To generate hypotheses, to capture lived experiences, and for participatory action research. |
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Describe a panel survey design. |
The same group is used over time. |
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Describe a trend survey design. |
The same variables are measured over time, but different people are used for the survey. |
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Describe a cohort survey design. |
The same variables are measured over time and a specific group is targeted. |
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X = T + E What does this describe? |
Observed score = True score + Error |
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What estimates the reliability of a test? |
Cronbach's Alpha. |
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How high should inter-item correlation be? |
>.8 |
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What is reliability? |
The consistency of a measure. |
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What are the different types of reliability? |
1) Internal consistency. 2) Test-retest. 3) Interrater. |
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How is internal consistency measured? |
Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability. |
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How is test-retest reliability measured? |
Correlation coefficients. |
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How is interrater reliability measured? |
Correlation coefficients and kappa. |
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What is the numerical standard for good reliability? |
Close to 1. |
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What is the major problem with having an unreliable measure? |
It creates a confound. |
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What are the three major types of validity? |
Internal validity, external validity, and construct validity. |
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Causality is related to __________ validity. |
Internal. |
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Generalizability is related to ___________ validity. |
External. |
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Strength of measurement is related to _____________ validity. |
Construct. |
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What are the five types of construct validity? |
Face validity, concurrent validity, content validity, predictive validity, and convergent-discriminant validity. |
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To what does face validity refer? |
The level to which the measure reflects what's being measured. |
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To what does concurrent validity refer? |
Whether the criterion occurs at the same time as the measurement. |
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To what does content validity refer? |
Whether the measure reflects all of the construct and nothing more. |
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To what does predictive validity refer? |
Whether the measure predicts future behaviours. |
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To what does convergent-divergent validity refer? |
Whether the measure is related to other measures of the same construct (convergent) and is unrelated to measures of other constructs (divergent). |
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What are time-related threats to internal validity? |
History, maturation, testing, instrument decay, and attrition/experimental mortality. |
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How does history affect internal validity? |
If an event occurs during the experimental process, it may affect the dependent variable. |
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How does maturation affect internal validity? |
Normal human development could affect a dependent variable. |
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How does testing affect internal validity? |
People may act differently while observed or tested. |
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How does instrument decay affect internal validity? |
The standard of a measurement may change over time. |
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How does attrition/experimental mortality affect internal validity? |
Certain types of participants may be more inclined to drop out of a study than others, affecting the dependent variable. |
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What are group-related threats to internal validity? |
Selection bias, nonresponse bias, and regression to the mean. |
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How does selection bias affect internal validity? |
Groups may not be initially equivalent at the beginning of the study. |
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How does nonresponse bias affect internal validity? |
Certain types of people may be less likely to participate in a study. |
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How does regression to the mean affect internal validity? |
People who score along one extreme in one instance will often score closer to the mean in subsequent instances. |
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Does regression to the mean occur in random or non-random sampling? Why? |
Regression to the mean occurs in non-random sampling. In random sampling, different participants will score along different extremes, which cancels out regression to the mean. |
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What are the threats to external validity? |
Experimental setting, context, history, and selection. |
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How does experimental setting affect external validity? |
If a situation is too contrived, it may not accurately reflect real life situations and people's responses to them. |
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How does context affect external validity? |
The setting can impact a person's true responses. |
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How does history affect external validity? |
If an event occurs during the study, it can influence participant responses. |
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How does selection affect external validity? |
Participants may only reflect certain subgroups if they are only drawn from those subgroups. |
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What is ecological validity? |
The extent to which a research situation represents the natural social environment. |
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How can external validity be established? |
Through multiple measures, replication, and meta-analyses. |
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What is exact replication in scientific research? |
The same independent variable is measured using similar methods. |
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What is conceptual replication in scientific research? |
The same independent variable is measured using different methods. |
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What is mundane realism? |
The extent to which a study reflects an actual situation in real life. |
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What is experimental realism? |
The extent to which a study is psychologically "real" to a participant. |
