Psychology: Research Methods.

Front 1

Is the idea of a successful experiment important or unimportant?

Back 1

Unimportant.

Front 2

Is the fact that the experiment is testing a certain aim important or unimportant?

Back 2

Important.

Front 3

What is the aim of experiment?

Back 3

The aim is the point of the experiment.

Front 4

What must the aim be written as?

Back 4

A statement.

Front 5

Fill in the missing word:

The aim isn't an _ _ _ _ of the results.

Back 5

Idea.

Front 6

Why is a hypothesis developed?

Back 6

A hypothesis is developed to predict the likely outcome of an experiment.

Front 7

Name 2 different types of hypotheses.

Back 7

Alternative + Null Hypotheis

Front 8

What does the type of hypothesis chosen depend on?

Back 8

How much past studies have been done to provide information on results of experiment.

Front 9

What type of hypothesis does scientific research begin with.

Back 9

Null Hypothesis.

Front 10

What does a null hypothesis state?

Back 10

A null hypothesis states no effect of independent on dependent variable. It also shows no connections between variables being tested.

Front 11

Which hypothesis predicts a significant outcome from research as definite?

Back 11

Alternative Hypothesis.

Front 12

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Back 12

An alternative hypothesis is a statement explaining what is expected to happen as a result of carrying out the experiment.

Front 13

What is another name for "alternative hypothesis"

Back 13

Experimental Hypothesis.

Front 14

Name the 2 different types of alternative hypotheses.

Back 14

Directional + Non Directional.

One-Tailed + Two-Tailed

Front 15

What does a directional hypothesis show?

Back 15

A directional hypothesis shows exactly what result is expected from an experiment.

Front 16

What kind of language is used in a directional hypothesis?

Back 16

Language that compares the outcome of each condition.

Front 17

When is a directional hypothesis used?

Back 17

When past research implies likely direction of results.

Front 18

What does a non-directional hypothesis state?

Back 18

A difference in performance between each condition in experiment but not what the difference will be.

Front 19

When is a non-directional hypothesis chosen?

Back 19

When previous research gives confounding results.

Front 20

What is a confounding variable?

Back 20

A variable that has already affected the results without anyone knowing.

Front 21

Define the term "Variable".

Back 21

A variable is a factor than can change or vary in some way during research.

Front 22

Fill in the blanks:

The more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ considered in research and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for how _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from other variables can be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, the better chance if conducting a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ piece of research.

Back 22

Possible Variables

Planning

Interference

Controlled

Credible

Front 23

Define the term "independent variable".

Back 23

A variable directly manipulated by researcher.

Front 24

After manipulating the independent variable, what happens next?

Back 24

The independent variable is now compared to another condition of IV to identify what effects can be measured in the DV.

Front 25

Define the term "dependent variable".

Back 25

The variable thought to be affected by manipulation of IV.

Front 26

Ideally in a study, what is the only thing that influences the DV?

Back 26

The independent variable.

Front 27

Usually, the IV isn't the only thing that affects the DV. What else can affect the DV?

Back 27

Extraneous Variables.

Front 28

Define "extraneous variable".

Back 28

Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV.

Front 29

Name 3 types of extraneous variables.

Back 29

Participant Variable: age or intelligence

Situational Variable: Such as lighting levels in the laboratory

Experimenter Variable: whether the researcher is male or female

Front 30

Define "confounding variable".

Back 30

An extraneous variable that had already affected the results.

Front 31

Fill in the blanks:

⚠️ An extraneous variable _ _ _ _ _ affect the results. A confounding variable _ _ _ affected the results.

Back 31

Might

Has

Front 32

When changing IVs and measuring DVs what is the most important thing to do?

Back 32

To clearly define exactly what the variables are.

Front 33

Define "operationalising variables"

Back 33

To define variables and make them measurable and observable so that a cause and effect relationship can be seen.

Front 34

State 2 ways in which researchers can prevent demand characteristics.

Back 34

1) Deceive participants by not telling them the aim if the research.

2) Conduct an independent group design so participants are only exposed to 1 condition of the experiment. This makes it harder for the participants to predict the aim.

Front 35

Describe the term "Demand Characteristics"

Back 35

This is where participants are aware of what researchers are looking for and they confound the results by either trying to help the researcher support the hypothesis or deliberately try to mess it up.

Front 36

What would need to happen before a researcher can deceive a participant to prevent any demand characteristics?

Back 36

It would need to be ethically justified.

Front 37

Why could a researchers presence in a study influence results gathered?

Back 37

Researcher could unconsciously or deliberately change the participants behaviour.

Front 38

How can investigator effects in a study be prevented?

Back 38

Could conduct a double-blind procedure.

Front 39

What is a "double-blind procedure"?

Back 39

This is where participant and researcher is unaware of which condition of the experiment is being tested.

Front 40

What are the advantages if carrying out a double-blind procedure?

Back 40

Researcher can't influence results because it is unknown what is being tested.

Front 41

Define "Target Population"

Back 41

A group of people you are studying.

Front 42

In the majority of cases,it's impossible to study everyone in the target population. What happens instead?

Back 42

A sample is drawn to represent this population.

Front 43

What happens in Random Sampling?

Back 43

Names are picked out from a hat or names are put in a database and, using a computer, the names are randomly selected.

Front 44

Name an advantage of Random Sampling.

Back 44

It's fair as everyone has a equal chance of being selected.

Front 45

What is a disadvantage of Random Sampling?

Back 45

It doesn't guarantee a representative sample. There's still a chance that subgroups in the target group may not be selected.

If target population is too large, it's not practical or possible to give everyone a number that might be picked.

Front 46

How often is Random Sampling used?

Back 46

Rarely.

Front 47

What happens in systematic sampling?

Back 47

Researcher picks people according to a system.

Front 48

What are the advantages of systematic sampling?

Back 48

It's simple and effective.

The population is more likely to be evenly sampled.

Front 49

What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

Back 49

Subgroups might be missed.

It's not representative if pattern used for sample coincides with pattern in the population.

Front 50

What happens in a stratified sample?

Back 50

Important subgroups in population are identified and proportionate number of each is randomly obtained.

Front 51

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

Back 51

It produces a fairly representative sample.

Front 52

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

Back 52

It takes lots of time and money.

Subgroups may be missed.

It might be difficult to identify traits and characteristics effectively enough to stratify sample properly.

Front 53

What happens in opportunity sampling?

Back 53

This sample consists of whoever happens to be available at the time where the study is happening.

Front 54

What are the advantages if opportunity sampling?

Back 54

It's quick and practical.

Front 55

What are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

Back 55

It's unlikely to be representative of target group or population as a whole.

Can't confidently generalise findings as an result of there.

Front 56

How often is opportunity sampling used.

Back 56

Often.

Front 57

What happens in volunteer sampling?

Back 57

This sample consists of people who choose to respond to a test for participants.

Front 58

What are the advantages of volunteer sampling?

Back 58

It can attract many people and allow more in-depth analysis and more accurate statistical results.

Front 59

What are the disadvantages of volunteer sampling?

Back 59

It's unlikely to he representative if target population.

Front 60

Outline 3 things a good sample should be.

Back 60

Representative if the target population.

Take little time and effort.

Must rule out researcher bias in the selection process.

Front 61

What is an experimental method?

Back 61

An experimental method is a way of conducting scientific research by testing effect of a change on a specific measured behaviour.

Front 62

Fill in the blanks:

Experiments are a _ _ _ _ of research method. Not all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ uses experimental methods. _ _ _ _ refer to all _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as experiments.

Back 62

Type

Research

Don't

Studies

Front 63

What are the key features experiments?

Back 63

The IV what you change

The DV what you measure

Front 64

What is the overall aim of an experiment?

Back 64

To establish a cause and effect relationship between IV and DV.

Front 65

Where does a laboratory experiment take place?

Back 65

In a controlled setting eg: a laboratory.

Front 66

HOW ARE participants selected in a laboratory experiment?

Back 66

Participants are randomly allocated to conditions.

Front 67

State 2 advantages of laboratory experiments.

Back 67

It's possible to control the environment closely which makes replication easier and increased reliability.

Participants are in a controlled setting so they know they are being tested and so they can give consent.

Front 68

What are the disadvantages of laboratory experiments?

Back 68

They take place in an artificial environment so the behaviour seen may lack realism.

Participants know they are being observed so demand characteristics are more likely to influence behaviour making internal validity low.

Front 69

Where do field experiments take place?

Back 69

Participant's natural environment.

Front 70

HOW are participants chosen in field experiments?

Back 70

They are randomly allocated to conditions.

Front 71

State 2 advantages of field experiments.

Back 71

Participants are in their natural environment so behaviour seen is more likely to be reliable. This increases ecological validity.

Participants don't know they're being studied so there's less risk of demand characteristics which improves external validity.

Front 72

State 2 disadvantages of field experiments.

Back 72

The environment is less controlled so there's more chance if extraneous variables influencing results.

Participants may not be aware they're being studied so gaining consent may be difficult.

Front 73

Where do natural experiments take place?

Back 73

Laboratories or natural settings.

Front 74

In natural experiments, who controls the IV?

Back 74

Someone other than the researcher.

Front 75

What do natural experiments often involve?

Back 75

Exploiting an event that's happening.

Front 76

State 2 advantages of natural experiments.

Back 76

The change in the IV isn't being controlled by the experimenter so researcher is less likely to influence data due to experimenter bias which increases validity of study.

The independent variable is something that is happening. Any changes in the DV are more likely to be realistic and not artificially created.

Front 77

State 2 disadvantages if natural experiments.

Back 77

The experimenter can't directly control the IV so they don't know how reliable the change is and so can't infer a cause and effect.

Lack of control in changing IV so there is more chance of confounding variables influencing results.

Front 78

Where do quasi experiments take place?

Back 78

Laboratories or natural settings.

Front 79

In a quasi experiment, what is the IV?

Back 79

The IV is a variable that occurs naturally in the population and can't be manipulated.

Front 80

State the 2 advantages of a quasi experiment.

Back 80

IV is a naturally occurring difference between people so changes in the DV may have more realism than if it was artificially created.

Participants are likely to be aware they're being studied which makes consent easier to gain and so fewer ethical issues.

Front 81

State the disadvantages in quasi experiments.

Back 81

Quasi experiments can only be used where naturally occurring differences between people can easily be identified which makes them difficult to set up.

Task used to gather information for the DV may still still be unrealistic data itself has little mundane realism.