Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

Who founded structuralism?

Back 1

Wilhelm Wundt (1896)

Front 2

According to Wundt what should the focus of psychology be?

Back 2

Immediate conscious experience; the things that people sense and perceive when they reflect inward on their own minds.

Front 3

Define structuralism.

Back 3

Structuralists tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts

Front 4

In what 2 ways/parts do structuralists break down the mind?

Back 4

(1) identify primary sensations and feelings (2) discover how they combine to produce meaningful wholes

Front 5

Identify one problem with structuralism.

Back 5

It's not easy to observe the internal workings of the human mind; mental eents are subjective, personal, and difficult to record

Front 6

How do structuralists observe the mind?

Back 6

Through a technique called systematic introspection

Front 7

Define systematic introspection.

Back 7

An early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspetion required people to look inward and describe their own experiences.

Front 8

What did Wundt and his contemporaries contribute to the world of psychology?

Back 8

Established psychology as a laboratory science and psychology departments egan to spring up rapidly throughout the world.

Front 9

What is the main concern of functionalism?

Back 9

The function of immediate experience.

Front 10

Who founded functionalism?

Back 10

William James, Dewey, and James Rowland Angell

Front 11

Whats the main difference between structuralism and functionalism?

Back 11

Structuralism took the mind apart to understand its workings. Functionalists looked at the mind as a whole to understand its workings.

Front 12

Define functionalism.

Back 12

Functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose.

Front 13

Who was the first elected woman president of the American Psychological Association?

Back 13

Mary Whiton Calkins in 1905

Front 14

Who was the first woman to recieve a Ph.D. in psychology?

Back 14

Margaret FLoy Washburn in 1894

Front 15

Who was Helen Thompson Wooley?

Back 15

Helped pioneer the study of sex differences, abolishing a number of myths about women that were widely accepted at the time.

Front 16

Define theory.

Back 16

(1) it must describe a behavior and (2) make predictions about future behaviors.

Front 17

Define case study.

Back 17

A descriptive research technique in which the effort is focused on a single case, usually an individual

Front 18

Why would we use a case study?

Back 18

B/c lots of information can be collected about the background and behavior of a single person; give researchers an important historical perspective; this, in turn, helps the reasearcher form hypotheses about the possible causes of a behavior or psychological problem.

Front 19

What is an aptitude test?

Back 19

psychologival tests that measure your ability to learn or acwuire knowledge in a particular subject.

Front 20

Define genotype.

Back 20

the actual genetic information inherited from one's parent

Front 21

Define phenotype.

Back 21

A person's observable characteristics, such as red hair. the phenotype is controlled mainly by the genotype, but it can also be influenced by the environment

Front 22

Describe the biological school of thought.

Back 22

How the body influences behavior, thoughts, and feelings: nervous system, *brain chemicals*, hormones, genetics, evolutionary psychology (how our adaptive evolution affects us today)

Front 23

Describe the learing (behaviorism) school of thought.

Back 23

How environment and experience affect behavior, thoughts, feelings (environmental influenced behavior): Behaviorism-what we can see, *reinforcement and punishment*, behavior modification (change behavior/habit) ***what we learn and learned behavior***

Front 24

Describe the cognitive school of thought.

Back 24

how thoughts affect behavior, feelings: reasoning, memory, intelligece, beliefs/thoughts (your thoughts and how they impact you)

Front 25

Describe the sociocultural school of thought.

Back 25

how social and cultural influences affect thoughts, feelings, behavior: how culture and society influence how you behave and think-also looks at gender

Front 26

Describe the psychodynamic school of thought.

Back 26

how *unconscious* conflicts, inner forces affect behavior, thoughts, feelings: family origins, childhood issues, how much our unconscious affects our behaviors

Front 27

Describe the humanistic school of thought.

Back 27

how to create a fulfilled life (oppositions to Freud): free will/choices, *be all that you can be*, 'positive psychology', believed that at our core people are good

Front 28

What does an experimental psychologist do?

Back 28

focus on lab studies of various topics

Front 29

What does an educational psychologist do?

Back 29

research ways to improve educational systems (principals)

Front 30

What does a developmental psychologist do?

Back 30

study how we grow and change throughout our lifespan

Front 31

What does and industrial/organizational psychologist do?

Back 31

behavior in the workplace, effective business practices

Front 32

What does a psychometric psychologist do?

Back 32

design and evalulate tests (personality, interest, IQ)

Front 33

What does a school psychologist do?

Back 33

Works with parents, students, and teachers to solve problems

Front 34

What does a clinical psychologist do?

Back 34

focus on understanding and treating emotional problems, abnormal, or disfunctional behavior

Front 35

What does a counseling psychologist do?

Back 35

focus on helping people with adjustment problems and helping people make career choices

Front 36

Define a clinical psychologist.

Back 36

Cannot prescribe medicine

Front 37

define a psychiatrist

Back 37

attended medical school and completed special rotations in psychiatry. can prescribe medication to treat mental disorders

Front 38

Define theory

Back 38

explanation of something (why?)

Front 39

Define hypothesis.

Back 39

a prediction based on a theory

Front 40

Define operational defination

Back 40

how what is in the question will me measured

Front 41

Define operational studies

Back 41

(1) naturalistic observation (2)laboratory observation (done with some control)

Front 42

define representative sample

Back 42

who you actually survey; must represent your population

Front 43

define population

Back 43

who you want to study

Front 44

What is a correlational study?

Back 44

a descriptive method that looks for a consistant relationship between two things

Front 45

Define correlation coefficient

Back 45

a number that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

Front 46

define positive correlation

Back 46

when the varieables move in the same direction

Front 47

define negative correlation

Back 47

when the variables move in opposite directions

Front 48

define experimental research?

Back 48

a technique in which the investigator actively manipulates the environment to observe its efffect on behavior

Front 49

define independent variable

Back 49

the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment. it must consist of atlease two conditions.

Front 50

define dependent variable

Back 50

the behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment

Front 51

define placebo

Back 51

a fake treatment or inactive substance

Front 52

define random assignment

Back 52

a technique ensuring that each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions in the experiment

Front 53

define double blind study

Back 53

neither participants nor researcher onservers are aware of who has been assigned to the experimental and control groups; it's used to control for both subject and experimenter expectancies

Front 54

Define behavioral genetics

Back 54

attempts to determine how much of our behavior is genetic vs. environment

Front 55

define monozygotic twins

Back 55

formed from one egg and one sperm that splites (genetically identical)

Front 56

define dizygotic twins

Back 56

formed by two seperate eggs and sperm (genetically like siblings)

Front 57

Heritability of human intelligence?

Back 57

shows STRONG genetic link

Front 58

Heritability of schiophrenia?

Back 58

Shows a definite genetic link for schizophrenia

Front 59

Define central nervous system

Back 59

the brain and spinal cord

Front 60

define peripheral nervous system

Back 60

nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Front 61

What are the two subdivisions of the Peripheral NS?

Back 61

Somatic NS and Autonamic NS

Front 62

Define somatic NS

Back 62

nerves under conscious control (motor movements, sense receptors (eyes, nose, ears))

Front 63

Define autonamic NS

Back 63

controls involuntary actions (heart glands, digestion)

Front 64

What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic NS?

Back 64

Sympathetic NS and parasympathic NS

Front 65

Define sympathetic NS

Back 65

activates internal orgnas during times of stress and arousal (fight or flight response)

Front 66

define parasympathetic NS

Back 66

reverses the affects of the sympathetic NS (returns the body bakc to normal)

Front 67

Define neuron

Back 67

a specialized cell that conducts impulses throught the nervous systme and contains three major parts: a cell body, dendrites, and axon

Front 68

What does the cell body do?

Back 68

recieves messages

Front 69

What do the dendrites do?

Back 69

sends messages

Front 70

What is the synapse?

Back 70

space between neurons

Front 71

What are the synaptic vesicles?

Back 71

they contain the neurotransmitters

Front 72

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 72

chemical that contains the message

Front 73

What are the receptors sites?

Back 73

receives neurotransmitters

Front 74

What is the resting potential of a neuron?

Back 74

negative charge on the inside and a positive charge on the outside of the neuron

Front 75

Whats the action potential of a neuron?

Back 75

electrical charge that initiates the firing of the message (spark!)

Front 76

Whats the myelin sheath?

Back 76

it is what insulates the axon for faster transmission-layer of fat (white matter)

Front 77

What are some key neurotransmitters?

Back 77

acetylcholine (imbalances linked to alzheimers disease). Serotonin (imbalances liked to depression, anxiety, and eating disorders). Dopamine (imbalances are linked to schizophrenia and parkinson's disease)

Front 78

Define thalamus

Back 78

relay station for all information sensory messages (except smell)

Front 79

Define hypothalamus

Back 79

regulates hunger, thirst, sexual ehavior, emotional behaior, internal body temp., and other body functions (tells us when we want or need something)

Front 80

What are the four lobes and the cerebral cortex?

Back 80

(1)frontal lobes (2) parietal lobes (3) temperal lobes (4) occipital lobes

Front 81

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

Back 81

(1)medulla and pons (2)reticular formation (3) cerebellum

Front 82

What do the medulla and pons do?

Back 82

control vital automatic functions (heartbeat, breathing, BP) and reflexes such as vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

Front 83

What does the reticular formation?

Back 83

General alertness and consciousness

Front 84

What does the cerebellum do?

Back 84

"little brain" controls complex motor movements