Exam 1 Abnormal Psychology

Front 1

What is abnormal psychology?

Back 1

What is normal? What is abnormal?

Front 2

What is the definition of abnormal psychology?

Back 2

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

Front 3

What are the five important components of abnormal psychology?

Back 3

1.) Psychological dysfunction
2.) Distress
3.) Impairment in function
4.) Typical
5.) Culturally expected response

Front 4

What is psychological dysfunction?

Back 4

Breakdown of a cognitive, emotional, and/or social behavior. Interferes with goals and wishes.

Front 5

What is distress?

Back 5

Not pain which is inevitable. It is suffering.

Front 6

What is impairment in function?

Back 6

Can't get things done that need to be done.

Front 7

What is typical?

Back 7

Statistically normal, meaning the response most people would have.

Front 8

What is a culturally expected response?

Back 8

Take context into action, or following a norm.

Front 9

What are the three "traditions" that have been throughout history?

Back 9

1.) Supernatural traditions
2.) Biological traditions
3.) Psychological traditions

Front 10

Supernatural traditions are?

Back 10

1.) Prominent in ancient Western World, Middle Ages, and Renaissance
2.) Disorders are caused by something external (supernatural)

Front 11

Based on the assumption that disorders are caused by something external?

Back 11

Theory of disorder -> Theory of cure (treatment)

Front 12

What are these theories of disorder? (3)

Back 12

1.) Curses
2.) Demonic or divine possession
3.) Astrology

Front 13

What are biological traditions?

Back 13

Assumes biological/medical causes for mental illness.

Front 14

Based off this, the humoral theory was developed by?

Back 14

Hippocrates and Galem

Front 15

What is the humoral theory?

Back 15

Four liquids in body, balance to act a certain way.

Front 16

Psychological traditions in the 18th century?

Back 16

1.) "They" are the problem. All about the person. Disorder = them.
2.) If you can't make them better, lock them up, and take away from society.

Front 17

In the 18th century, when a person was locked up, they were usually in?

Back 17

Dehumanizing conditions

Front 18

What are some of these dehumanizing conditions?

Back 18

1.) Asylum ward
2.) Behavior management

Front 19

What are some kinds of behavior management? (3)

Back 19

1.) Straight jacket
2.) Restraining bed (cage)
3.) Restraining chair (dunked in hot/cold water)

Front 20

Psychological traditions in the 19th century?

Back 20

General Paresis

Front 21

What is General Paresis?

Back 21

A disease

Front 22

What are the symptoms of General Paresis?

Back 22

Weakness in arms and legs, delusions of grandeur, delusions of persecution

Front 23

What is the result of General Paresis?

Back 23

Incurable behaviors, paralysis, death (Within five years of onset)

Front 24

In the modern era, 1900's, psychological traditions?

Back 24

1.) Insulin shock therapy
2.) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (Works with severe depression)

Front 25

In the 1950's psychological traditions?

Back 25

First effective anti-psychotic medications

Front 26

Today psychological traditions?

Back 26

1.) Resurgence of biological explanations
2.)Improvement in neuroscience, brain scans, and psychopharmacology

Front 27

What was another psychological tradition in the part of the modern era in 19th century?

Back 27

Moral therapy

Front 28

Moral therapy can be?

Back 28

"emotional" or "psychological"

Front 29

Part of this Moral therapy was developed by?

Back 29

Pinel and Pussin

Front 30

Pinel and Pussin did what in respect to morale therapy?

Back 30

Doctor/patient (from crazy home) talk

Front 31

Who else contributed to moral therapy?

Back 31

Dorathea Dix

Front 32

Dorathea Dix did what in respect to moral therapy? (4)

Back 32

1.) Made a modern mental hospital
2.) Bedrooms
3.) Institutionalized but with better treatment
4.) Allowed to live

Front 33

Based on this moral therapy?

Back 33

People got better

Front 34

How can people get better with this moral therapy?

Back 34

Prediction + control -> Can help you be a happier person

Front 35

The current psychological models include?

Back 35

1.) Psychoanalytic
2.) Humanistic
3.) Behavioral

Front 36

In the psychoanalytic model there are?

Back 36

Over 300 named therapies

Front 37

Who contributed to the psychoanalytic model?

Back 37

Sigmund Freud

Front 38

Based on the psychoanalytic model, Sigmund Freud concluded what?

Back 38

There is a Id, Ego, and Super ego

Front 39

The Id, Ego, and Super ego?

Back 39

Intrapsychic conflict, defense mechanisms, and hypothesis

Front 40

What is the id?

Back 40

Wants, desires, instant gratification, pleasure

Front 41

What is the ego?

Back 41

Mediator, realistic

Front 42

What is the super ego?

Back 42

Conscience, morality, so what is correct, perfection

Front 43

Based on the psychoanalytic model what are some treatments?

Back 43

Hypnosis, dream interpretation, free association, and subconscious

Front 44

The Humanistic model was developed by?

Back 44

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Front 45

Based on the humanistic model?

Back 45

Self actualization, unconditional positive regard, striving to be the best self (Fundamentally good)

Front 46

Based on the humanistic model how were people treated?

Back 46

Treated people with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, mild issues, it won't help sociopaths or serious mental issues

Front 47

The developers of the Behavioral model?

Back 47

Hated Freud and were totally against his theory

Front 48

Who were the developers of the behavioral model?

Back 48

Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and Joseph Wolpe

Front 49

Pavlov did what?

Back 49

Dogs and conditioning

Front 50

Based on the behavioral model?

Back 50

Called mind a black box, something we can't fill

Front 51

Also based on the behavioral model?

Back 51

Observable behavior, care about what they can see

Front 52

In the behavioral model, how do things learn?

Back 52

Learning through conditioning and the law of effect

Front 53

What are the types of conditioning?

Back 53

Operant and classical

Front 54

What is the law of effect?

Back 54

Behavior will happen and it can get a positive consequence or a negative consequence (Which can result in that behavior happening again or decreasing)

Front 55

The scientific method and integrative model?

Back 55

Attend to the multiple influences to the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychological problems

Front 56

Psychopathology is?

Back 56

Scientific study of psychological disorders

Front 57

What is a presenting problem?

Back 57

Reason for coming in for checkup

Front 58

What is prevalence?

Back 58

Number who have ailment

Front 59

What is incidence?

Back 59

Number of new cases

Front 60

What is course?

Back 60

Disorder pattern (Episodic chronic)

Front 61

What is episodic?

Back 61

Disorders that naturally come and go

Front 62

What is chronic?

Back 62

Without treatment, disorder stays

Front 63

What is onset?

Back 63

Acute or gradual development of disorder

Front 64

What is acute?

Back 64

Sudden form of development

Front 65

What is gradual?

Back 65

Slowly develops

Front 66

What is etiology?

Back 66

The cause of the disorder

Front 67

What is intervention?

Back 67

Treatment

Front 68

What is outcome?

Back 68

What happens as a result of treatment

Front 69

The integrated approach to psychology includes?

Back 69

Nervous system, (Main and smaller parts) neurons, neurotransmitters, and genes

Front 70

What is the central nervous system?

Back 70

Nervous system that is encased in bone (brain, spinal cord)

Front 71

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Back 71

All other parts of the nervous system

Front 72

What is the somatic system?

Back 72

Conveys sensory information to the central nervous system and sends motor messages

Front 73

What is automatic system?

Back 73

Maintaining basic life processes that are involuntary

Front 74

What is sympathetic division?

Back 74

Deals with threats to the organism by activating the body

Front 75

What are some of these reactions from sympathetic division?

Back 75

1.) Pupils dilate - digestion slows
2.) Blood vessels constrict - adrenaline releases

Front 76

What is essentially a low-level arousal of sympathetic division?

Back 76

Anxiety

Front 77

What is parasympathetic division?

Back 77

Maintain bodily function by regulating use of energy

Front 78

What are some reactions from parasympathetic division?

Back 78

1.) Pupils constrict - digestion is promoted
2.) Blood pressure reduces - heart rate slows

Front 79

The cerebral cortex in the brain?

Back 79

Is divided into four lobes

Front 80

What are these four lobes the cerebral cortex is divided into?

Back 80

1.) Frontal lobe
2.) Parietal
3.) Temporal
4.) Occipital

Front 81

What are the structures important for emotional functioning? (3)

Back 81

1.) Hypothalamus
2.) Limbic system
3.) Thalamus

Front 82

The brain is also responsible for?

Back 82

Motor movement

Front 83

Neurons are?

Back 83

Characteristic structural features

Front 84

What do neurons do?

Back 84

Impulses transmitted by neurotransmitter (chemical) across the synapse to other neurons

Front 85

What are the major neurotransmitters? (4)

Back 85

1.) Dopamine
2.) GABA
3.) Norepinephrine
4.) Serotonin

Front 86

What does dopamine do?

Back 86

Strongly associated with reward mechanisms

Front 87

What does GABA do?

Back 87

Acts like a brake to the neurotransmitters that lead to anxiety

Front 88

What does norepinephrine do?

Back 88

Strongly associated with bringing our nervous system into "high" alert, triggering release of adrenaline (epinephrine), also important for forming memories

Front 89

What does serotonin do?

Back 89

Strongly associated with emotion and mood

Front 90

Neurotransmitters do what?

Back 90

Neurons to brain cells - transmission of info

Front 91

Neurotransmitters travel?

Back 91

Across synapse to postsynaptic receptors

Front 92

What is reuptake?

Back 92

Breaks down neurotransmitters and transported back to axon terminal

Front 93

Without reuptake?

Back 93

Neurotransmitters continue to circulate in the synapse

Front 94

Receptors can change?

Back 94

1.) Down regulation - decrease in number or sensitivity
2.) Up regulation - increase in number or sensitivity

Front 95

What initiates either down or up regulation?

Back 95

Psychopharmacological agents

Front 96

What are genes?

Back 96

Long molecules of DNA on chromosomes

Front 97

Genes?

Back 97

1.) Don't necessarily affect behavior that much alone
2.) Most influence in polygenetic

Front 98

What is polygenetic?

Back 98

Influences by multiple genes

Front 99

Gene x environment interactions models?

Back 99

1.) Diathesis - Stress model
2.) Reciprocal Gene - Environment model

Front 100

What is the Diathesis - Stress model?

Back 100

Combination of genetic disposition and life events

Front 101

What is the Reciprocal Gene - Environment model?

Back 101

1.) Individuals have some role in creating their environment
2.) Your predisposition leads you more in a certain way of life, which then determines your environment, which then might trigger disorder

Front 102

What is emotion?

Back 102

An action tendency, their purpose is most likely a tendency to behave a certain way, elicited by an external event and a feeling state, and accompanied by a characteristic physiological response

Front 103

What are the three big components of emotion?

Back 103

1.) Behavior
2.) Cognitive
3.) Physiological

Front 104

How does emotion effect behavior?

Back 104

Emotion drives us to generally take an approach at avoidance (Ex. Crying)

Front 105

How does emotion effect cognitive abilities?

Back 105

Appraisals and attributions

Front 106

How does emotion effect physiology?

Back 106

There are somethings we can actually measure that examine a patient's emotions

Front 107

Culturally, social, and interpersonal influences?

Back 107

Culturally bound syndromes (Ex. Taijen kyofuske - intense anxiety of offending others, and brain fog)

Front 108

Developmental influences?

Back 108

1.) Can have a significant impact on responses
2.) Equifinality

Front 109

What is equifinality?

Back 109

Multiple pathways to the same result

Front 110

Behavioral and cognitive influences include? (3)

Back 110

1.) Classical conditioning
2.) Operant conditioning
3.) Learned helplessness

Front 111

What is classical conditioning?

Back 111

Behavior or stimulus elicits a response, behavior can be paired with stimulus
(UCS - naturally elicits -> UCR
UCS + CS -> UCR
CS -> CR)

Front 112

Why does the conditioned stimulus elicit a now controlled response?

Back 112

Learning to associate after multiple pairings, CS was originally neutral before being paired with UCS

Front 113

What is operant conditioning?

Back 113

A behavior will normally get a response but the stimulus is given after which will increase or decrease the behavior based on how it is presented

Front 114

Operant conditioning uses? (4)

Back 114

1.) Positive reinforcement
2.) Negative reinforcement
3.) Positive punishment
4.) Negative punishment

Front 115

Learned helplessness was found by?

Back 115

Martin Seligman

Front 116

What did Martin Seligman do?

Back 116

Simulated depression in the lab by using dogs, could use shocking to make a dog believe it had no control

Front 117

What is learned helplessness?

Back 117

Lack of control or predictability

Front 118

Martin Seligman also did?

Back 118

The opposite of learned helplessness by doing learned optimism

Front 119

What is learned optimism?

Back 119

There is some control and predictability

Front 120

Observational learning (model) was developed by?

Back 120

Albert Bandura

Front 121

Albert Bandura's experiment was?

Back 121

Using a bobo doll, children were given neutral, positive, or negative responses

Front 122

Observational learning can also?

Back 122

Learn coping techniques from things around you

Front 123

What is prepared learning?

Back 123

Evolutionarily prepared to learn

Front 124

Prepared learning is?

Back 124

Easier to lean because there is an evolutionary predisposition

Front 125

What are some examples of prepared learning?

Back 125

1.) Taste aversion
2.) Specific phobias

Front 126

What is taste aversion?

Back 126

Will avoid something that gives you a negative consequence

Front 127

An example of this taste aversion is?

Back 127

Food -> sick
^- If you eat food again most likely will get sick again

Front 128

Does taste aversion only happen if you get "sick" from something?

Back 128

No, doesn't have to make them sick (Food poisoning) but could be other forms of things. Particularly works when something is new to your diet

Front 129

What is a phobia?

Back 129

An overly excessive response to fear

Front 130

Specific phobias?

Back 130

Are linked to past from ancestors and evolutionarily predispositioned

Front 131

What are some examples of specific phobias?

Back 131

Snakes, spiders, dogs, high places, storms

Front 132

Why are we not fearful of things like guns and cars then?

Back 132

Have only been around for a small time period, or we also may be desensitized to them

Front 133

What is diagnosis?

Back 133

The process of determining whether a specific set of symptoms meets the criteria for a mental disorder

Front 134

Diagnosing mental disorders?

Back 134

Diagnosis occurs when a problem is classified within a set of categories of abnormal behavior and labeled

Front 135

The first comprehensive system to classify disorders was made by?

Back 135

Kraepelin

Front 136

DSM I was introduced in?

Back 136

1952

Front 137

DMS II was introduced in?

Back 137

1968

Front 138

DSM III was introduced in?

Back 138

1980

Front 139

DSM IV was introduced in?

Back 139

1994

Front 140

DSM IV TR (Text revision) was introduced in?

Back 140

2000

Front 141

DSM V will most likely be introduced in?

Back 141

2012

Front 142

What does the DSM stand for?

Back 142

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Front 143

What is the DSM?

Back 143

A list by category of mental disorders, symptoms, and possible treatments

Front 144

Benefits of a diagnostic? (4)

Back 144

1.) Diagnostic language
2.) Normalizes patient's problems (Feels comforting that others feel that same and there's a name for it)
3.) Consistency
4.) Critical for research

Front 145

What are the models of classification? (3)

Back 145

1.) Categorical model
2.) Dimensional model
3.) Prototypical model

Front 146

The categorical model? (5)

Back 146

1.) Strong line between yes and no. (Ex. Can't maybe be pregnant or HIV positive)
2.) Disorders viewed as discrete entities
3.) Works best when categories have clear boundaries for membership
4.) Category membership is exclusive
5.) Members of a category are homogeneous

Front 147

The dimensional model? (3)

Back 147

1.) Offer more info
2.) Sharp boundaries, exclusively, and homogeneity not required
3.) No clear diagnosis, even though there is truth

Front 148

The prototypical approach is used in?

Back 148

DSM IV TR

Front 149

The prototypical approach?

Back 149

Has specific diagnostic material

Front 150

What is this criteria? (4)

Back 150

1.) Essential features
2.) Associated features
3.) Diagnostic criteria
4.) Differential diagnosis

Front 151

Essential features?

Back 151

Defining features

Front 152

Associated features?

Back 152

Usually present, but don't have to be seen

Front 153

Diagnostic criteria?

Back 153

Specific symptoms that must be present (Must have at least some diagnostic material)

Front 154

Differential diagnosis?

Back 154

How to distinguish between disorders, there is overlap but should still be able to distinguish

Front 155

The DSM IV-TR Multi-axial Assessment includes? (5)

Back 155

1.) Axis 1 - Clinical syndromes
2.) Axis 2 - Personality disorders and mental retardation
3.) Axis 3 - General medical conditions
4.) Axis 4 - Psychosocial and environmental stressors
5.) Axis 5 - Global assessment of functioning (GAF)

Front 156

Axis 1 - Clinical syndromes includes?

Back 156

Typically not born with them and don't have to live with them whole life, most known disorders (Substance, schizophrenia)

Front 157

Axis 2 - Personality disorders and mental retardation includes?

Back 157

Must end with that, life-long, harder to treat

Front 158

Axis 3 - General medical conditions include?

Back 158

Any medical kinds of ailments

Front 159

Axis 4 - Psychosocial and environmental stressors include?

Back 159

Something that may get in the way of treatment or environmental stressors but not a diagnosis (Homeless, significant other death)

Front 160

Axis 5 - Global assessment of functioning includes?

Back 160

GAF, score of 1 - 100 on how well they are functioning (Very rare for a 1 or 100)

Front 161

Criticisms of the prototypical approach model?

Back 161

1.) Diagnosis falsifies reality
2.) Illusion of clear difference between normal and abnormal
3.) Discounts gradations between disorders
4.) Labeling may be harmful

Front 162

How does a diagnosis falsify reality?

Back 162

Might not be catching the range of symptoms fully because trying to distinguish

Front 163

How can labeling be harmful?

Back 163

Rosehan did experiment on Being Sane in Insane Places, people that were emitted who said they had a problem did not actually have a problem, they got labeled and could not get rid of that label

Front 164

What is clinical assessment?

Back 164

Systematic evaluation and measure of psychological, biological, social factors, and developmental in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder

Front 165

In an assessment?

Back 165

1.) Collect board range of information
2.) Concentrate on specific problem areas

Front 166

What are the purposes of assessment? (5)

Back 166

1.) Description
2.) Explanation
3.) Treatment planning
4.) Prediction
5.) Evaluation of treatment effectiveness

Front 167

Description?

Back 167

Person should be able to picture person and disorders

Front 168

Explanation?

Back 168

Find reasons for problems

Front 169

Treatment planning?

Back 169

Find an effect plan that will treat the problems in the patient

Front 170

Prediction?

Back 170

Will the treatment be successful? Will it just help?

Front 171

Evaluation of treatment effectiveness?

Back 171

Was the treatment successful?

Front 172

A good assessment is? (3)

Back 172

1.) Reliable
2.) Valid
3.) Standardized

Front 173

What is reliability?

Back 173

The degree to which a measure is consistent

Front 174

What is validity?

Back 174

The degree which an assessment measures what it's suppose to measure (Ex. IQ test - Don't wan to measure "knowledge" but general ability

Front 175

What is standardization?

Back 175

A set of standards or norms for a measure or technique

Front 176

What happens when disorders are clashing?

Back 176

Treat the worst disorder or disorder that is blocking the treatment of others

Front 177

Why make a patient get a physical exam?

Back 177

Rule out organic and physical causes

Front 178

What is a clinical interview?

Back 178

General information about behavior, attributes, emotions, and history of problems and life events

Front 179

A clinical interview can be?

Back 179

Structured or unstructured

Front 180

A structured clinical interview?

Back 180

Read out generalized questions, typically in research

Front 181

An unstructured interview?

Back 181

Go on, ask questions don't have to be exact questions

Front 182

Mental status is based off of?

Back 182

1.) Appearance and behavior
2.) Thought processes
3.) Mood and affect
4.) Intellectual functioning (Above average, average, below average)
5.) Sensorium

Front 183

What is sensorium?

Back 183

Orientated x3 is the best you can be, orientated to time, person, and place

Front 184

Projected tests?

Back 184

Based on the projective hypothesis, part of the process of assessment, good at determining if someone is psychotic or not

Front 185

What is the projective hypothesis?

Back 185

Understanding a person's unconscious motives

Front 186

What is an example of a projected test?

Back 186

Rorschach Inkblot Tests - Take responses and evaluate
Thematic Apperation test - Look at picture and tell a story with a beginning, middle, and end (Mostly used in kids)

Front 187

Intelligence tests?

Back 187

First pysch tests - Binet, Wechsler tests - verbal, performance, and general IQ (The number people talk about)

Front 188

Personality tests?

Back 188

Self report, Ex. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) empirically based

Front 189

Research terms include?

Back 189

Hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable

Front 190

A hypothesis is?

Back 190

An educated guess

Front 191

An independent variable is?

Back 191

Variable that is manipulated

Front 192

Dependent variable is?

Back 192

Measured, effect

Front 193

Internal validity is?

Back 193

Extent to which we can be confident that the IV caused the changes to the DV

Front 194

There are confounds in internal validity, which are?

Back 194

Contamination

Front 195

How to get around confounds?

Back 195

Random assignment can get around this

Front 196

External validity?

Back 196

Do the results generalize to other than those we tested

Front 197

Statistical significance is?

Back 197

Differences between groups are greater than chance

Front 198

Clinical significance is?

Back 198

Do the results mean anything to actual problems? (Results can vary or may work or not by chance)

Front 199

Case study?

Back 199

Usually used when trying something very new or when studying something rarely studied

Front 200

Problem with case study?

Back 200

Perhaps doesn't have any external validity

Front 201

Correlational studies?

Back 201

IV is not manipulated, measure two things to see if they go together

Front 202

As the coefficients move toward 1?

Back 202

Then there is more of a relationship

Front 203

Positive correlation?

Back 203

Moving in the same direction ^^ or \/ \/

Front 204

Negative correlation?

Back 204

Moving in opposite directions ^\/

Front 205

Problems with correlations?

Back 205

Does not give any information about what caused what

Front 206

Experimental design?

Back 206

Instead of simply measuring two things, experimental designs involve, manipulation of IV for observation of effect and causality or how one effected the other

Front 207

Single-case experimental design?

Back 207

Rigorous study of single cases (Or small number of people) under a variety of experimental conditions over time

Front 208

Group experimental designs?

Back 208

Influence of independent variables on members of different groups

Front 209

What is a waitless control?

Back 209

People will get better over time regardless if they are getting treatment

Front 210

Control groups?

Back 210

1.) Double blind
2.) Placebo control

Front 211

Double blind?

Back 211

The therapist doesn't know, the clients don't know, so therapist treats everyone the same, so doesn't effect the outcome unconsciously

Front 212

Placebo control?

Back 212

Has no medical or therapeutic value (There are some placebo's in everyday life)

Front 213

Comparative treatment design?

Back 213

Compare different forms of treatment in similar groups of people, this allows you to see if one kind of treatment works better than another form of treatment

Front 214

Your treatment should be put up against?

Back 214

1.) WLC - Waitless control
2.) Placebo
3.) TAU - Treatments as usual, treatments already in use

Front 215

Treatment package?

Back 215

Treatment that contains more than 1 part

Front 216

Treatment packages can?

Back 216

Be broken down to see if one component works better then the whole package

Front 217

What is anxiety and fear?

Back 217

Systems designed to: Detect threat/danger, motivational protection or defense, facilitate protection or defense

Front 218

Emotion equals?

Back 218

Action tendency (Both physically and psychologically)

Front 219

What are the three components of anxiety and fear?

Back 219

1.) Physiological - heart rate, pulse, bodily reactions
2.) Cognitive - thoughts, "worry"
3.) Behavioral - avoid, approach

Front 220

What is anxiety? (4)

Back 220

1.) Future orientated
2.) Perceive possible threat
3.) Increase cognitive activity
4.) Motivates avoidance or preventative behaviors

Front 221

What is fear? (5)

Back 221

1.) Present orientated
2.) Perceive actual threat
3.) Alarm reaction
4.) Decrease cognitive activity
5.) Motivates escape or defensive behaviors

Front 222

Does everyone experience anxiety?

Back 222

Yes

Front 223

Yerkes and Dodson?

Back 223

Found a relationship between performance and anxiety, middle point of anxiety leads to best performance

Front 224

Difference between anxiety and anxiety disorders?

Back 224

Distress by level of anxiety, impairs someone with an anxiety disorder

Front 225

According to the DSM IV anxiety disorders are?

Back 225

Second most prevalent class of psychological disorders (Past year), most prevalent (if looking at any single point in time)

Front 226

Anxiety disorders?

Back 226

Cost millions of dollars a year

Front 227

People with anxiety disorders?

Back 227

Comorbidity

Front 228

What is comorbidity?

Back 228

Co-occurrence, people with anxiety disorders are likely to have a mood disorder (At some point in their life will likely be diagnosed with depression)

Front 229

Anxiety disorders, panic attack?

Back 229

Feeling of imminent doom and urge to escape (Cognitive) plus four of the following: Heart palpitations, stomach distress, sweat, choking sensation (physiological), trembling, dizzy/lightheaded, short of breath, derealization, chest pain/tightness, hot flases/chills, tingling sensations, fear of dying, fear of losing control, fear of going crazy

Front 230

Panic attacks?

Back 230

Irrational (Often people feel after it happens), short durations, come out of nowhere, experiencing fear when there is nothing to be afraid of

Front 231

Types of panic attacks?

Back 231

1.) Situatioanlly bound (Going to happen)
2.) Unexpected (Out of nowhere)
3.) Situationally predisposed (May or may not happpen)

Front 232

Panic disorders?

Back 232

1.) One or more panic attacks
2.) At least some unexpected or uncued
3.) Following by at least one month of concern over having more panic attacks

Front 233

Prevalence of panic disorders?

Back 233

3.5% have panic disorder, 2/3 are female

Front 234

Sex ratio of panic disorders?

Back 234

Women are much more likely to have

Front 235

Age of onset for panic disorders?

Back 235

25-29 is the average, variability

Front 236

Causes of panic disorder?

Back 236

1.) Biologically vulnerable (inherited tendency to be anxious, high strung, irritable)
2.) Psychological vulnerability (Tendency to see the world as uncontrollable and unable to cope)

Front 237

Psychological vulnerable?

Back 237

1.) General - Some people see the world as this but it's how the person feels they can or cannot deal with it
2.) Specific - anxiety sensitivity

Front 238

What is anxiety sensitivity?

Back 238

1.) Shaped by early experience
2.) Some situations are dangerous
3.) Bodily sensations (Some are ok but others can just escalate)

Front 239

Agoraphobia?

Back 239

Typically have this with panic disorder, very rare without it

Front 240

What is agoraphobia?

Back 240

Anxiety about being in place where escape might be difficult (Just because you have some anxiety about these situations means you have a disorder)

Front 241

Agoraphobia in situations?

Back 241

Are avoided or endured with marked distress (If they have a panic attack then it will be in an unsafe place)

Front 242

Prevalence of agoraphobia?

Back 242

2.2%, 1/3 of people have it from the 3.5% that have panic disorder

Front 243

Treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia?

Back 243

1.) Panic Control Treatment (PCT)
2.) Medication (Just tampers down reactions, doesn't really solve anything)

Front 244

Panic Control Treatment (PCT)?

Back 244

1.) Exposure to the thing they want to avoid (Behavioral)
2.) Talking about why these things happen (Cognitive)
(Sometimes breathing and relaxation)

Front 245

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Back 245

1.) Excessive anxiety or worry
2.) Difficult to control the worry
3.) Associated with 3 or more of: restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep problems

Front 246

What is worry?

Back 246

Anxious apprehension, verbal attempt to avoid future unpleasant events and aversive imagery

Front 247

Worry in GAD? (4)

Back 247

1.) Wider range of worry topics (Inability to cope or loss of control is feared)
2.) Worry about minor things (Baseline probability events)
3.) Possible consequences of negative events
4.) Positive beliefs about worry and meta-worry

Front 248

Prevalence of GAD?

Back 248

Common and disabling, 5%

Front 249

Sex ratio of GAD?

Back 249

2/3 of the 5% are females

Front 250

Course of GAD?

Back 250

Chronic with early onset

Front 251

Onset of GAD?

Back 251

Younger in life, usually say they always felt this way, 80% of GAD's don't remember onset

Front 252

Comorbidity of GAD?

Back 252

Social phobia, MDDm substance use disorders

Front 253

Causes of GAD?

Back 253

1.) Biological vulnerability (Tendency to be more anxious or high strung)
2.) Generalized psychological vulnerability (Seeing world as uncontrollable and unpredictable, and unable to cope)
3.) Specific psychological vulnerability (Worry is "good" and helps control that unpredictable world)

Front 254

Specific psychological vulnerability of GAD? (3)

Back 254

1.) Cognitive processes - thoughts of worry
2.) Physiological responses - automatic restrictions and chronic muscle tension
3.) Avoidance of imagery (Picturing is too real, causes tension)

Front 255

Automatic restriction is?

Back 255

All responses do down (HR, pulse. ect...)

Front 256

Treatment for GAD? (3)

Back 256

1.) Benzodiazepine Drug Treatment (Doesn't tend to work, arousal already down)
2.) Exposure to worry images and uncertainty
3.) Relaxation training (Doesn't work that well either)

Front 257

Specific phobia? (3)

Back 257

1.) Marked and persistent fear
2.) Cued by a specific object or situation
3.) Avoidance or enduring with distress

Front 258

Five basic categories of specific phobias?

Back 258

1.) Animal type (Dogs, spiders, ect...)
2.) Natural environment (Storms, ect...)
3.) Blood-injury-injection (Medical procedures, ect...)
4.) Situational type (Flying, ect...)
5.) Other type (Choking, vomiting, illness, space, ect...)

Front 259

BII?

Back 259

Genetic loading, vaso-vagal responses

Front 260

Vaso-vagal responses?

Back 260

High level of distress or fear, then a total decrease of everything

Front 261

Onset of specific phobias?

Back 261

20's or high 20's

Front 262

Prevalence of specific phobias?

Back 262

Lifetime

Front 263

Sex ratio of specific ratios?

Back 263

11% 4:1 are women

Front 264

Cause of specific phobias? (4)

Back 264

1.) Direct experience
2.) False alarm
3.) Vicarious observation
4.) Information

Front 265

False alarm?

Back 265

Had panic attack near stimuli by chance

Front 266

Treatment of specific phobias?

Back 266

1.) Systematic desensitization (Teach people to relax, PMR (Progressive muscle relaxtion))
2.) Exposure/flooding