Psychology Chapter 11-13

Front 1

Dr. Romero asked her patient, Glen, to study a brightly colored image made by an inkblot on a card. She asked Glen to tell her what he "saw" in the image and took careful notes of his descriptions. What test is Dr. Romero using?

Back 1

he Rorschach Inkblot Test

Front 2

Although he stayed calm during the conversation, Mark was angry as he left Professor McArthur's office because he felt that he had been treated unfairly. A short while later, Mark snapped at a fellow student who asked if she could borrow his notes. Which ego defense mechanism best accounts for Mark's behavior toward the other student?

Back 2

displacement

Front 3

Jacob is imaginative, creative, and seeks out new experiences. Sean is hardworking, ambitious, neat, and prides himself on never giving up until a task is finished. In terms of the five-factor model, Jacob would probably score high on the dimension of ________, while Sean would probably score high on the dimension of ________.

Back 3

openness to experience; conscientiousness

Front 4

Table 11.3 shows 16 basic personality factors, each one representing a dimension that ranges between two extremes. The trait theorist(s) ________ believed that personality could be described in terms of these 16 source traits.

Back 4

Raymond Cattell

Front 5

Cross-cultural research on traits has found that:

Back 5

people in a variety of cultures describe personality in terms of the same basic traits that are identified by the five-factor model.

Front 6

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the dimension that Freud called the superego?

Back 6

B

Front 7

According to reciprocal determinism:

Back 7

human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Front 8

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the dimension that Freud called the id?

Back 8

C

Front 9

The drawing depicts Sigmund Freud's famous iceberg analogy for the structure of personality. Which letter labels the personality structure that derives its energy from two conflicting instincts, Eros and Thanatos?

Back 9

C

Front 10

In psychology, the term personality refers to:

Back 10

an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Front 11

Who would have been most likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness."?

Back 11

Sigmund Freud

Front 12

This image shows the path that sound waves take through the human ear. Which structure contains the basilar membrane?

Back 12

cochlea

Front 13

The two main subdivisions the peripheral nervous system are the ____________ nervous system and the ____________ nervous system.

Back 13

somatic; autonomic

Front 14

While observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the subject EXCEPT:

Back 14

the subject's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels

Front 15

John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:

Back 15

observable behavior

Front 16

I could have sworn that I parked my Subaru in this row," Jenna said with embarrassment as the airport parking van driver drove down yet another row of parked cars. "It's okay, miss," the van driver reassured her, then added, "This happens all the time when people are rushing to catch a plane and they don't pay attention to the row signs." This is an everyday example of __________ due to __________.

Back 16

absentmindedness; encoding failure

Front 17

After media coverage of two tragic train crashes, people overestimated the probability of being killed to injured in a train crash and exaggerated the dangers of train travel. This example illustrates:

Back 17

the availability heuristic

Front 18

Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces?

Back 18

the amygdala

Front 19

Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll. She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair. A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll. Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the understanding of:

Back 19

object permanence

Front 20

The term AIDS refers to:

Back 20

the disease caused by the most advanced stages of HIV infection.

Front 21

In Milgram's original obedience study, if the "teacher" protested that he wished to stop or that he was worried about the "learner's" safety, what did the experimenter do?

Back 21

The experimenter said, "The experiment requires that you continue.

Front 22

While studying in the crowded library, Arlene hears a crashing noise and then someone moaning. The commotion appeared to have come from behind a closed door marked "Staff Only." Nobody near Arlene seems concerned, so Arlene goes back to her studying. This example best illustrates:

Back 22

the bystander effect

Front 23

Zelda is researching the topic of prejudice for a term paper. If she does a thorough job, she is likely to conclude that:

Back 23

racial and ethnic groups are far more alike than they are different

Front 24

When people experience an unpleasant state of psychological tension resulting form two inconsistent thoughts or perceptions, they are said to be experiencing:

Back 24

cognitive dissonance

Front 25

Which of the following is a basic principle involved in person perception?

Back 25

a. Your reactions to others are determined by your perception of them, not by who or what they "really" are.

b. In every situation, you evaluate people partly in terms of how you expect them to react in that situation.

c. Your self-perception influences how you perceive others and how you act on your perceptions.

d. All of these are involved in person perception.

Front 26

This picture shows a volunteer for "Meals on Wheels," who delivers meals to about 65 elderly residents each week and also checks to make sure they are safe and healthy. Volunteers like this one give their time and energy freely to help others. What social psychology concept is illustrated here?

Back 26

prosocial behavior

Front 27

The chapter Prologue describes how Fern labeled the man sitting on the steps with a cup in his hand as "homeless" on the basis of very limited information, which led her to make an embarrassing mistake. This is one disadvantage of using:

Back 27

social categories

Front 28

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line, as shown in the illustration below. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Back 28

Would people conform to group pressure even if the group was clearly wrong?

Front 29

Peggy worked very hard as an unpaid volunteer at an animal shelter because she hoped to get hired as a full-time staff member after she finished school. Peggy's helping behavior best illustrates:

Back 29

prosocial behavior

Front 30

Leslie is concerned about the environment and consistently sorts her garbage by placing paper, plastic, metal, and glass in their respective recycling containers. This example best illustrates the _________ component of attitudes.

Back 30

behavior

Front 31

Behaviorism was characterized by:

Back 31

an emphasis on observable behaviors

Front 32

The blind spot is caused by:

Back 32

the absence of rods or cones at the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Front 33

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as:

Back 33

consciousness

Front 34

When a new memory interferes with an old memory, _________ is said to have occurred.

Back 34

retroactive interference

Front 35

The table pictured here provides a list of eight abilities that all reflect intelligence. Which of the following theorists is most likely to endorse this view of multiple intelligences?

Back 35

Howard Gardner

Front 36

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low is called:

Back 36

arousal theory

Front 37

Janelle is 47 years old. Her doctor tells her that she has entered menopause. Janelle is:

Back 37

within normal range for menopause to occur

Front 38

This graph shows how adults between 18 and 59 responded to each of the three questions in a national survey. The results depicted in this figure show the percentage of males and females who responded to the questions. Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE?

Back 38

Fifty-four percent of men and 19 percent of women think about sex every day or several times a day.

Front 39

Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?

Back 39

the social cognitive perspective

Front 40

________ is primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.

Back 40

Problem-focused coping

Front 41

Jeremy is an ambulance driver and a paramedic. He and some of his co-workers sometimes appear to do their jobs in a detached, depersonalized, but nevertheless, efficient manner. Jeremy and his co-workers are using ________ to help them deal with distressing situations.

Back 41

distancing

Front 42

People who must cope with crime, poverty, substandard housing, and unemployment in their everyday environment often experience:

Back 42

chronic stress

Front 43

This figure depicts ________, which includes bone marrow, the spleen, the thymus, and lymph nodes.

Back 43

the immune system

Front 44

When sales were down for the third moth in a row, the sales manager called a meeting of all the sales staff in order to analyze the situation and attempt to come up with solutions. This examples illustrates:

Back 44

problem focused coping

Front 45

Cross-cultural studies have shown that a sense of control:

Back 45

is more highly valued in individualistic, Western cultures than in collectivistic, Eastern cultures

Front 46

Depicted here are two friends discussing the personal problems that one of them is experiencing. In this interaction one person is showing expressions of concern, empathy, and positive regard, a type of social support called:

Back 46

emotional support

Front 47

Whenever Caleb gets stressed out or upset, he tends to drink excessively in order to "drown his sorrows." Caleb is using a form of an emotion-focused coping strategy called:

Back 47

escape-avoidance

Front 48

The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors is called:

Back 48

health psychology

Front 49

Resilience refers to:

Back 49

the ability to cope with stress and adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen events, and to rebound after negative experiences.

Front 50

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founding father of structuralism.

Back 50

false

Front 51

Which part of the neuron receives messages from other neurons?

Back 51

dendrites

Front 52

The thin, light-sensitive membrane that lies at the back of the eye and contains the sensory receptors for light is the ___________ .

Back 52

retina

Front 53

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming:

Back 53

dreams are meaningful insofar as they reflect how the dreamer imposes personal meaning on the images generated by his or her brain

Front 54

Because he was flirting with another woman, a guy gets dumped by his girlfriend. The guy no longer flirts with other women in front of his girlfriends. This is an example of:

Back 54

negative punishment

Front 55

"Okay, your recital is next Saturday night," Candy reminded her piano student. "You're doing great, but or the next couple of days I want you to practice by starting with the middle third of your piece until you've got it down perfectly." As a piano teacher, Candy is trying to help her student counteract which of the following memory tendencies?

Back 55

the serial positioning effect

Front 56

Which of the following is the BEST definition of heuristic?

Back 56

the problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions

Front 57

This image depicts the interaction of some of the key hormones and neurotransmitters that regulate hunger, including where they are manufactured in the body, and whether they increase (+) or decrease (-) hunger. Which letter indicates the hormone neuropeptide Y?

Back 57

B

Front 58

These photos depict a two-week-old infant reflexively responding to stimulation. The child is demonstrating two reflexes present at birth called the ________ and the ________, respectively.

Back 58

stepping reflex; grasping reflex

Front 59

About ________ percent of men ages 18-94 have not had sexual intercourse at all in the past year.

Back 59

35

Front 60

Kaitlin is a personality theorist who believes that a person's conscious thoughts in a particular situation are likely to influence his or her goals and behavior. Kaitlin is most likely to agree with which of the following perspectives on personality?

Back 60

social cognitive perspective

Front 61

Attitudes:

Back 61

can have cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components.

Front 62

The textbook defines ________ as a cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.

Back 62

stereotype