Chapter 13- General Psychology

Front 1

altruistic behavior

Back 1

accepting some cost or risk to help others, they want a reputation for being fair and helpful

Front 2

diffusion of responsibility

Back 2

we tend to feel less responsibility to act when other people are equally able to act

Front 3

pluralistic ignorance

Back 3

situation in which people say nothing and each person falsely assumes that everyone else has a better informed opinion

Front 4

moral dilemma

Back 4

problems that pit one moral value against another

Front 5

social perception and cognition

Back 5

processes we use to gather and remember information about others to make inferences from that information

Front 6

primacy effect

Back 6

the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information does

Front 7

self-fulfilling prophecies

Back 7

expectations that change one's own behavior in such a way as to increase the probability of the predicted event

Front 8

sterotype

Back 8

generalized belief or expectation about a group of people

Front 9

prejudice

Back 9

unfavorable attitude toward a group of people

Front 10

discrimination

Back 10

unequal treatment of different groups

Front 11

aversive racism

Back 11

consciously express the idea that all people are equal, but nevertheless harbor negative feelings and unintentionally discriminate

Front 12

ambivalent sexism

Back 12

overt belief in equal treatment of the sexes joined with a lingering belief that women should be treated differently

Front 13

Implicit Association Test

Back 13

measures your reactions to combinations of 2 categories, such as flower and pleasant

Front 14

bona fide pipeline

Back 14

people alternate between looking at two different kinds of faces, Black and White, and reading words that they need to classify as pleasant or unpleasant

Front 15

attribution

Back 15

set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others

Front 16

internal attributions

Back 16

explanations based on someone's individual characteristics, such as attitudes, personality traits, or abilities (dispositional)

Front 17

external attributions

Back 17

explanations based on the situation, including events that presumably would influence almost anyone (situational)

Front 18

consensus information

Back 18

how the person's behavior compares with other people's behavior

Front 19

consistency information

Back 19

how the person's behavior varies from 1 time to the next

Front 20

distinctiveness

Back 20

how the person's behavior differs from 1 situation to another

Front 21

fundamental attribution error (correspnodence bias)

Back 21

to make internal attributions for people's behavior wben when we see evidence for an external influence on behavior

Front 22

actor-observer effect

Back 22

people are more likely to make internal attributions for other people's behavior and more likely to make external attributions for their own

Front 23

self-serving biases

Back 23

attributions that we adopt to maximize our credit for our success and minimize our blame for our failure

Front 24

self-handicapping strategies

Back 24

intentionally put themselves at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for possible failure

Front 25

attitude

Back 25

a like or dislike that influences our behavior toward someone or something

Front 26

persuasion

Back 26

attempt to alter your attitudes or behavior

Front 27

cognitive dissonance

Back 27

state of unpleasant tension that people experience when they hold contradictory attitudes or when their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes, especially if they are distressed about the inconsistency

Front 28

central route to persuasion

Back 28

when people take a decision seriously, they invest the necessary time and effort to evaluate the evidence and logic behind each message

Front 29

peripheral route to persuasion

Back 29

when people listen to a message on a topic they consider unimportant, they attend to such factors as the speaker's appearance and reputation or the sheer number of arguments presented, regardless of their quality

Front 30

sleeper effect

Back 30

delayed persuasion by an initially rejected message

Front 31

inoculation effect

Back 31

people first hear a weak argument, then a stronger argument supporting the same conclusion

Front 32

forewarning effect

Back 32

simply informing people that they are about to hear a persuasive speech activates their resistance and weakens the effect of the persuasion

Front 33

foot-in-the-door technique

Back 33

one technique to start with a modest request, which the person accepts, then follow it with a larger request

Front 34

door-in-the face technique

Back 34

someone follows an outrageous initial request with a more reasonable second one

Front 35

bait and switch technique

Back 35

first offers an extremely favorable deal, gets the other person to commit to the deal and then makes additional demands

Front 36

that's-not-all technique

Back 36

someone makes an offer and then improves the offer before you have a chance to reply

Front 37

proximity

Back 37

closeness; we are most likely to become friends with people who live or work in close proximity and become friends to us

Front 38

mere exposure effect

Back 38

the more often we tend to like that person or object

Front 39

exchange/ equity theories

Back 39

social relationships are transactions in which partners exchange goods and services

Front 40

conformity

Back 40

maintaining or changing one's behavior to match the behavior or expectations of others

Front 41

group polarization

Back 41

if nearly all the people who compose a group lean in the same direction on a particular issue, then a group discussion will move the group as a whole even further in that direction

Front 42

groupthink

Back 42

the members of a group suppress their doubts about a group's decision for fear of making a bad impression or disrupting group harmony