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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
personality
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the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
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personality trait
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a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
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psychodynamic theory
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Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior
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pleasure principle
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directs people to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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topographical model
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structure of the mind is divided into three zones of mental awareness
-conscious level- people are aware of their thoughts -preconscious level- content that is not currently in awareness but that could be brought to awareness -unconscious level- contains material that the mind cannot easily retrieve |
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Freudian slip
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person accidently reveals a hidden motive
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psychosexual stage
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according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
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oral stage
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lasts from birth to 18 months, pleasure is sought through the mouth
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anal stage
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2-3 years of age. learning to control the bowels
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phallic stage
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3-5 years of age. children rub genitals, but no sexual intent
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Oedipus complex
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same-sex parents considered rivals, children develop hostility toward that parent
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latency stage
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libidinal urges are suppressed or channeled into doing schoolwork or building friendships
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genital stage
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adolescents and adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood
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id
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in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle
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superego
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the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct
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ego
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the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego
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reality principle
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involves rational thought and problem solving
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress
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rationalization
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defense mechanism in which situational factors are blamed
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reaction formation
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occurs when a person wards off an uncomfortable thought about the self by embracing the opposite thought
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neo-Freudians
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Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney
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object relations theory
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the object of attachment is another person, such as a parent or spouse
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humanistic approaches
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approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems, they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential
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self-actualization
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fulfillment of greater self-understanding
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phenomenology
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subjective human experience
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personality types
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discrete categories based on global personality characteristics
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implicit personality theory
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tendency to assume that certain personality characteristics go together, and therefore to make predictions about people based on minimal evidence
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trait approach
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an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions
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specific response level
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observed behavioral traits
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habitual response level
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repeated behavioral traits
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introversion/extraversion
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refers to the extent to which people are shy, reserved, and quiet versus sociable, outgoing, and bold
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emotional stability
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refers to the extent to which people's moods and emotions change
-neurotic-low in emotional stability, experience dramatic mood swings -psychoticism- a mix of aggression, impulse control, and empathy -restraint- people range from restrained to disinhibited |
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five-factor theory
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the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
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openness to experience
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imaginative vs. down to earth
likes variety vs. likes routine independent vs. conforming |
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conscientiousness
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organized vs. disorganized
careful vs. careless self-disciplined vs. weak-willed |
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extraversion
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social vs. retiring
fun-loving vs. sober affectionate vs. reserved |
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agreeableness
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softhearted vs. ruthless
trusting vs. suspicious helfpful vs. uncooperative |
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neuroticism
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worried vs. calm
insecure vs. secure self-pitying vs. self-satisfied |
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personal constructs
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people's understandings
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internal locus of control
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individuals bring about their own rewards
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external locus of control
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believe that rewards result from forcese beyond their control
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cognitive-social theories
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emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality
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self-efficacy
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extent to which people believe they can achieve specific outcomes
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cognitive-affective personality system
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people's responses are influenced by how they perceive a given situation, their affective response to the situation, their skills in dealing with challenges, and their anticipation of the outcomes of their behavior
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idiographic approaches
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person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons.
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nomothetic approaches
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approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits
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projective measure
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personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli
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Rorschach inkblot test
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people look at an apparently meaningless inkblot and describe what it looks like to them
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objective measures
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relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings
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TAT
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Thematic Apperception Test. used to uncover unconscious
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NEO Personality Inventory
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240 items designed to assess the Big 5 personality factors
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situationism
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the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits
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interactionists
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theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations
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