Chapter 13 Social Psychology

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social psychology

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The study how people think about, influence and relate to other people.

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social cognition

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is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret , remember and use social information( the way in which individuals think in social situations)

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person perception

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refers to the process by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

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stereotype

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a generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variation from one individual to another.

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powerful social cues

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physical attraction,

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selfullfilling prophesy

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expectations cause individuals to serve in a way that makes the expectation true.

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What makes a face attractive

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averageness, symmetry and youthfullness

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attribution theory

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the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

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internalexternal causes

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internal attributions include all causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities. external attributions include all causes outside the person( social pressure, aspects of the social situation money ect)

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stable unstable causes

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is the cause relatively enduring and permanent , or is it temporary. (did aron blow up on his gf because he is a bad guy or because he was having a bad day)

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controlable/uncotrolable causes

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we perceive people have some power over some causes (for instance, preparing food for a picnic vs rain occuring during the picnic)

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fundamental attribution error

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observers overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior.

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actor

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the person who produces the behavior to be explained, emphasizes external causes.

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observer

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the person who offers causal explanation for the actor behavior emphasizes internal causes.

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heuristics

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cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly.

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false consensus effect

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A HEURISTIC , the overstimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.

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self steem

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the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves

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positive illusions

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shown by individuals w/ high self steem- rosy views of themselves that are not necessarily grounded in reality,

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self serving bias

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refers to the tendency of taking credit for our successes and to deny responsibilities for our failures,

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self objectification

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refers to the tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in other's eyes.

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stereotype threat

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An individual's fast acting self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

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Social Comparison

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the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people.

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attitudes

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our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects and ideas

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attitudes can predict behavior when

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when the persons attitudes are strong

when the person shows a strong awareness of his attitudes and when the person rehearses and practices them.

When the person has a vested interest.

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cognitive dissonace

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an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

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effort justification

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one type of dissonance reduction, means rationalizing the amount of effort we put into something

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self perception theory

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individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.

( i run every morning so i must like it)

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Festinger cognitive dissonance

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we are motivated toward consistency between attitudes and behavior and away from inconsistency.

"i hate my job i need to change my attitude or i quit"

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Bram self Perception theory

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We make inferences about our attitudes by perceiving and examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs, which might involve inducements to behave in certain ways,

" I am spending all of my time thinking about how much i hate my job, i really must not like it"

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The aspects of persuasion

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the communicator-who is doing the persuading

the medium-what is used to get the message across

the target-the audience who is being persuaded

the message

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elaboration likelihood model

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theory identifying two ways to persuade : a central route and peripheral route

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central route of presuation

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works by engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound , logical argument.

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peripheral route of persuation

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non message factors such as the sources credibility, attraction or emotional appeals

(ad hominen)

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foot in door approach

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showing the item with the least amount of value first stablishing a relationship with the consumer, he/she is more likely to purchase a greater value later.

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door in face approach

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showing the item with biggest value first leads to consumer buying one with a lesser value

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altruism

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unselfish interest in helping another person

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egoism

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giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self steem; to present one self as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to society's expectations.

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feelings of elevation

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the feeling we have when we see someone else do a good deed,increases the chance we will do something kind ourselves

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empathy

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a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

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The two psychological factors of altruism

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mood and empathy

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bystander effect

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the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.

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aggression

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social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally.

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neurostransmitter of aggression

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low levels of serotonim

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the hormone of aggression

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testosterone

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based on john dollard what triggers aggression

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frustration

(it was later disproven,some individuals become passive amongst other things)

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frustration

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the blocking of an individuals attempt to reach a goal

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comformity

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a change in a persons behavior to coincide closely a group standard

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informational social influence

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refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right.

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normative social influence

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is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us

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obedience

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behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

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deindividuation

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the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group.

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social contagion

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the effects of others on our behavior

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Social facilitation

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when an individual's performance improves in the precence of others.

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social loafing

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less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

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risky shift

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the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members,

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group polarization effect

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the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction,

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groupthink

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the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

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social identity

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the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership

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social identity theory

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tajfel's theory that our social identities are a crucial part of our self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves

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ethnocetrism

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the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups

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prejudice

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an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

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discrimination

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an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

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other factors of attraction

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proximity acquaintance and similarity

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mere exposure effect

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the phenomenon that more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before

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romantic love

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also called passionate love, love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant on the early part of a relationship

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affectionate love

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also called compationate love; love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person

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social exchange theories

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also called compassionate love; love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person,

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investestment model

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a model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment , investment and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships.

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