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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Which of these is NOT an example of descriptive research?
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Experiment
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A(n) is a broad idea or closely related set of ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.
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theory
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Which of the following concepts refers to the degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address?
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external validity
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Which of these best describes the approach of the functionalist?
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They were inspired by Charles Darwin's ideas regarding natural selection of adaptive characteristic.
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Dr. Badal is a psychologist who studies achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. Dr. Badal likely practices the ______ to psychology.
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sociocultural approach
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Dr. Ziggy is conducting a study of flirting behavior. He says that flirting is "Behavior that is used to attract the attention of a potentially desirable opposite- or same-sex partner," and decides that data collection will include elements such as eye contact, touching, laughter, smiling, and several other behaviors. In doing this, Dr. Ziggy has created a(n) ______ of flirting.
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operational definition
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Dr. Chuck studies mating behaviors. He wants to learn whether certain human mating behaviors can also be found in other species that are our ancestors, such as chimpanzees. He also wants to learn whether these behaviors are adaptive, affording humans greater chances of survival. Which approach to psychology does Dr. Chuck likely take?
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Evolutionary
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A psychologist who scientifically studies the structure, function and biochemistry of the brain and nervous system likely takes which approach to psychology?
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Neuroscience
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According to the ______, people have the ability to control their lives and are not simply controlled by the environment.
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Humanistic Approach
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Dr. Isaacs has found a strong correlation between GPA and the number of hours a person spends watching TV. Specifically, she has found that the more TV a person watches each week, the lower his GPA is likely to be. Put another way, she has found that as TV watching increases, GPA decreases. Which of the following correlation coefficients describes her findings?
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-0.80
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If you were a psychologist who adopted the structuralism approach, you would be intersted in the ________ of the mind, using ________ as your primary research method.
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elements / introspection
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According to the principles of ______, all research participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop.
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informed consent
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Professor Wong measured the intelligence and temperament of a group of preschoolers. He plans to follow the same group of participants over time and collect similar data when the children are in 3rd grade, 6th grade, and 9th grade. This is an example of which type of research design?
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Longitudinal
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Which approach emerged as a rebellion to the narrow view of the behaviorist, and argued that internal mental processes such as memory and problem-solving could be studied scientifically?
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Cognitive
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Dr. Hammer studies the connection between chocolate consumption and memory by manipulating the amount of chocolate she gives to different groups, and then measuring their performance on different memory tasks. One group eats two chocolate bars, one group eats one bar, and the control group eats no chocolate. Within this study, what is the independent variable?
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the amount of chocolate consumed
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Dr. Wagner's approach to psychotherapy stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved childhood conflicts. With which psychological approach does this align?
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psychodynamic
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Dr. Hammer wants to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship between chocolate consumption and memory. Which of the following research methods should she use?
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experimental method
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Dr. Hammer studies the connection between chocolate consumption and memory by manipulating the amount of chocolate she gives to different groups, and then measuring their performance on different memory tasks. One group eats two chocolate bars, one group eats one bar, and the control group eats no chocolate. Within this study, what is the dependent variable?
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performance on the memory task
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You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus _______ neurons must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain.
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afferent
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Located at the front of the parietal lobes, which part of the brain processes information about body sensations?
Motor cortex Hypothalamus Somatosensory cortex Hippocampus |
somatosensory cortex
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The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable, survival - related activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward.
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hypothalamus
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Select the four answers below which describe functions of the structures of the hindbrain:
Control of vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate Sleep and arousal Primarily responsible for storage of new memories Regulation of reflexes Eating, drinking, sex Motor coordination |
1. control of vital functions, such as breathing and heart rate
2. sleep and arousal 3. regulation of reflexes 4. motor coordination |
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What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter serotonin?
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Serotonin: Sleep, mood, attention, and learning.
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What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter GABA?
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GABA: Keeps neurons from firing; low levels are tied to anxiety.
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What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine?
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Acetylcholine: Muscle action, learning, memory; low levels found in people with Alzheimer's Disease. |
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What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter Dopamine?
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Dopamine: Control of voluntary movement; effects sleep, mood, attention, learning, and the ability to recognize rewards in the environment.
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What are the primary functions of the neurotransmitter Oxytocin?
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Oxytocin: Tied to love and social bonding.
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Fred had sustained a stroke to a large part of the temporal lobe in his left hemisphere. What symptoms might we expect him to experience?
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difficulty with language processing
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The ____ sends messages to other neurons; the _____ receives messages from other neurons.
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axon, dendrite
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The neurons in the brain and spinal cord are collectively referred to a the:
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central nervous system
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Dr. Wilma is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. She compares the similarity of IQ scores of identical twins to the similarity of IQ scores of fraternal twins. Dr. Wilma is conducting a _____ study.
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behavior genetics
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Select the three answers below which describe functions of the structures of the limbic system.
Sleeping and waking Storage of memories Discrimination of objects necessary for survival Regulation of reflexes Emotional response Sensory and motor processing using the somatosensory cortex and motor cortex |
1. storage of memories
2. discrimination of objects necessary for survival 3. emotional response |
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Place these items in the correct order of what happens when a neuron is stimulated and communicates with another neuron.
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1. Positive ions flow into axon, creating an action potential.
2. Impulse reaches threshold intensity. 3. Impulse moves all the way down the axon to the terminal buttons. 4. Axon releases neurotransmitters across the synapse. |
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Researcher Robert Tryon studied maze-running ability in rats. He trained a large number of rats to run a complete maze, then mated the rats that were the best at maze running with each other, in order to demonstrate the importance of genetics in this behavior. His study was an example of:
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selective breeding
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Which of these brain imaging methods lets us examine brain function?
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fMRI
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After a person suffers a stroke, the brain will need to re-route information around the damaged area. How well it can do this is referred to as:
Complexity Integration Plasticity Efference |
Integration
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After a successful play in football, a friend slaps you hard on the back. The nerves that carry the feeling of the slap to the spinal cord are part of the:
Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system Efferent nervous system Tertiary nervous system |
Peripheral nervous system
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As you walk down the street, you are suddenly frightened by a barking dog. Your initial response is one of arousal, and your heart rate increases. However, then you see that the dog is behind a fence, and your body starts calming down again. Within this scenario, the ________ nervous system is responsible for the initial arousal, whereas the ________ nervous system is responsible for calming you down again.
Somatic; central Central; somatic Sympathetic; parasympathetic Parasympathetic; sympathetic |
Central; somatic
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Samantha had a stroke. Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes. What type of deficiencies is Samantha likely to experience as a result of this brain damage?
She may be blind or unable to see clearly. She will probably be unable to comprehend language. She will probably have difficulties with memory function. She will probably suffer from impaired cognitive functioning (planning, reasoning, and self-control will be negatively impacted). |
She may be blind or unable to see clearly.
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In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called _____.
ergosomes chromosomes ribosome polysomes |
chromosomes
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Barney has a certain combination of chemicals in his DNA which result in his having blue eyes. In this case, the observable characteristic of blue eyes is Barney's ________.
Genotype Chromotyp Phenotype Ribotype |
Phenotype
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According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, _____.
the recessive gene overrides the dominant gene a recessive gene exerts its influence only if one gene of a pair is recessive a recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes are dominant the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene |
the dominant gene overrides the recessive gene
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As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass, your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze, and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of acquiring "raw data" about the stimuli in the environment is called _____.
sensation selective attention sensory adaptation cognition |
sensation
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The process of _____ involves organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information.
sensation perception transduction inhibition |
perception
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You are studying in your room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the adjacent room. You request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you cannot hear it at all; effectively, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your ___________.
difference threshold selective threshold receptor threshold absolute threshold |
absolute threshold
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When you hear a song for the first time you are likely to rely on ___________ processing to process it. When you have heard the song frequently enough that you can easily process the complex arrangement of notes with a single label (e.g. "This is the national anthem"), you are now using __________ processing.
top-down; bottom-up top-down; top-down bottom-up; top-down bottom-up; bottom-up |
bottom-up; top-down
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Jennifer is a chain smoker. When her friend Irene, a non-smoker, gets in the car with Jennifer she is overwhelmed by the smell of smoke. One day she mentioned this fact to Jennifer, who was surprised by the comment. Jennifer claims that when she sniffs her hair and clothing she can't sense the smoky smell. Jennifer's inability to detect the smell is an example of _____.
perceptual redundancy sensory adaptation the cocktail party phenomenon closure |
sensory adaptation
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The iris is the _____.
clear membrane just in front of the cornea through which light first passes colored part of the eye that contains muscles that control the size of the pupil white outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye that records what we see and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain |
colored part of the eye that contains muscles that control the size of the pupil
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Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she lies in the dark, her eyes adjust to the low light and she can see her room, though not with very good perception of color. This is because vision in low light conditions _____.
depends on the rods depends on the cones doesn't require the use of the pupil doesn't require the retina |
depends on the rods
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You try to note the incredibly fine details and colors of a computer microchip through a magnifying glass. On which area of the retina should you be focusing this image?
Optic chiasm Rods Periphery Fovea |
Fovea
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The simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is called _____.
binding bottom-up processing top-down processing parallel processing |
parallel processing
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The _____ theory states that cells in the visual system respond to complementary pairs of red-green and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be excited by red and inhibited by green, whereas another cell might be excited by yellow and inhibited by blue.
trichromatic opponent-process frequency place |
opponent-process
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Which school of thought in perception is best summarized by the statement, "The whole is different than the sum of its parts"?
You Answered Trichromatic Opponent-process Gestalt Parallel-processing |
Gestalt
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Looking at your computer screen close up and from the left casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at it from across the room and from the right; yet, we know that the monitor remains the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as _____.
perceptual constancy figure-ground the Ponzo illusion Gestalt closure |
perceptual constancy
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_____ depth vision cues depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes.
You Answered Monocular Binocular Gradient Parallel |
Binocular
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Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are?
Texture gradient Superposition Vertical position Linear perspective |
Linear perspective
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The major function of the _____ is to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear.
hammer, anvil, and stirrup pinna papillae olfactory epithelium |
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
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As Jerry walks along the top of a narrow wall, he tries to maintain his balance. Balance is primarily tied to which sense?
Kinesthetic Olfactory Papillae Vestibular |
Vestibular
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Which sense relies on fast pathways to directly communicate sharp, localized sensations to the thalamus?
Pain Hearing Vision Smell |
Pain
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Ethel closes her eyes and touches her nose. She can do this because she knows the location of her arm in relation to other body parts. This is an example of which kind of feedback?
Proprioceptive Olfactory Papillae place constancy |
Proprioceptive
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Match the theories of hearing to their correct descriptions.
Frequency / Volley / Place Perception of frequency depends on how often auditory nerve fires Each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot Clusters of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession |
Place: Each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot
Frequency: Perception of frequency depends on how often auditory nerve fires Volley: Clusters of nerve cells can fire neural impulses in rapid succession |
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Which of these helps us in localization of sound?
The ear nearer to the sound is usually in a sound shadow Fast pathways The fact that sound is faster than light Difference in time of arrival of the sound at one ear as compared to the other |
Difference in time of arrival of the sound at one ear as compared to the other
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_____ is a subjective state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment.
Arousal / awareness Awareness / arousal Arousal / alertness Alertness / arousal |
Awareness / arousal
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Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____. Arousal is determined by the _____.
amygdala / hippocampus hippocampus / corpus callosum corpus callosum / hippocampus cerebral cortex / reticular activating system |
cerebral cortex / reticular activating system
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States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other mental activities are called _____.
controlled processes automatic processes altered state of consciousness no awareness processes |
automatic processes
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The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called _____.
circadian rhythm myoclonic event non-REM sequence dormant rhythm |
circadian rhythm
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The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark.
cerebellum suprachiasmatic nucleus prefrontal cortex corpus callosum |
suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Compared to REM dreams, non-REM dreams are _____.
more emotional more visual less vivid longer |
less vivid
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Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle.
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 and stage 4 stage 5 and stage 6 |
stage 3 and stage 4
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Which stage of sleep has delta waves for more than 50% of the time?
stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage 4 |
stage 4
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Which of these describes a typical night of sleep?
Several sleep cycles, within each of which we go through up to five stages of sleep One cycle of sleep, from stage 1 to 2 to 3 to 4, finishing with REM sleep before awakening Several sleep cycles, with most of the REM sleep in the first few hours One cycle of sleep, going from Stage 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to REM, and then back from 4 to 3 to 2 to 1, followed by awakeness |
Several sleep cycles, within each of which we go through up to five stages of sleep
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Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream symbolizes Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in _____.
the manifest content of Homer's dream the latent content of Homer's dream Homer's neurological dream activity Homer's conscious thoughts and desires |
the latent content of Homer's dream
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Bob used to feel a buzz from drinking only one beer; however, after drinking regularly for a few months, he now needs three beers to feel the same effect. This need for increasing amounts of alcohol to experience the same effect is called ________.
Dependence Tolerance Latency Addiction |
Tolerance
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Colin has been a regular coffee drinker for months. One day, he doesn't have any coffee in the morning, and for most of the morning he has a headache. This is likely a sign that Colin has developed a __________ on coffee.
Physical dependence Psychological dependence Psychosocial dependence Latent dependence |
Physical dependence
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Carla has used the drug MDMA (Ecstacy) regularly for some months. Now she finds she has a strong desire to keep using the drug because it makes her happy. This is likely a sign that Carla as developed a __________ on MDMA.
Physical dependence Psychological dependence Psychosocial dependence Latent dependence |
Psychological dependence
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Diagnosis of addiction:
Requires only physical dependence Requires only psychological dependence Requires both physical and psychological dependence Can be diagnosed by either or both of physical or psychological dependence |
Can be diagnosed by either or both of physical or psychological dependence
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Approximately what proportion of individuals who drink will become alcoholics?
One in two One in five One in nine One in twenty |
One in nine
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Which class of drugs has the lowest level of physical dependence?
Stimulants Opiates Depressants Hallucinogens |
Hallucinogens
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Which class of drugs mimics the effects of the body's natural endorphins?
Stimulants Opiates Depressants Hallucinogens |
Opiates
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Nicotine raises _____levels in the brain.
serotonin GABA dopamine epinephrine |
dopamine
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Which is the world's most widely used drug?
Marijuana Alcohol Caffeine Oxycodone |
Caffeine
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Match each theory of dreaming with its correct description:
Freud's theory / Cognitive theory / Activation-synthesis theory cerebral cortex works to create a logical understanding of random firing from lower brain dreaming may be a variation on daydreaming, driven by the default network of the brain distinguishes between manifest and parent content of dreams |
A. Freud's theory: Distinguishes between manifest and latent content of dreams
B. Cognitive theory: Dreaming may be a variation on daydreaming, driven by the default network of the brain C. Activation-synthesis theory: Cerebral cortex works to create a logical understanding of random firing from lower brain |
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_____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Humanism Conditioning |
Behaviorism
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Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. Learning that these two stimuli are associated is an example of _____.
classical conditioning observational learning operant conditioning stimulus experience |
classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov is best known for his study of _________, while BF Skinner is best known for his work on _________.
operant conditioning; observational learning Observational learning; classical conditioning operant conditioning; classical conditioning classical conditioning; operant conditioning |
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
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Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. On days when he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response |
conditioned stimulus
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Little Albert was conditioned by John Watson to fear a white rat. Eventually, however, Albert became fearful of any stimulus that looked white and furry. He became scared not only of rats, but also of rabbits, and even Santa Claus's beard. This demonstrates which principle of conditioning?
Discrimination Extinction Generalization Spontaneous recovery |
Generalization
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Colin's cat used to think it was feeding time whenever she heard the sound of a can opener on TV; however, Colin conditioned his cat to tell them apart, so now she responds only to the sound of the can opener in Colin's kitchen. This demonstrates which principle of conditioning?
Discrimination Extinction Generalization Spontaneous recovery |
Discrimination
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Pavlov's dog used to salivate each time he heard a bell. Now, however, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. This demonstrates which principle of conditioning?
Discrimination Extinction Generalization Spontaneous reco |
Extinction
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John has repeatedly been taking a painkiller for his back pain. One day, his doctor instead gives him a different pill, which contains no painkilling medication. Nonetheless, John experiences pain relief. What is going on here?
Aversion learning Discrimination Immunosuppresion Placebo effect |
Placebo effect
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According to Thorndike's law of effect _____.
species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context. |
behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened
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_____ is considered a secondary reinforcer.
Food Water Money Sexual satisfaction |
Money
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Carol gives her dog, Spike, a chew stick each time Spike gets the ball back, on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to get the ball back on command.
continuous reinforcement variable-ratio fixed-interval variable-interval |
continuous reinforcement
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Which reinforcement schedule produces high, steady rates of behavior that are more resistant to extinction than the other schedules?
Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable interval |
Variable ratio
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Sydney wants to train her dog to sit on command. She starts by pushing down the dog's backside while saying the word "Sit", and giving him a reward. She then scales back her involvement to touching his back and saying "Sit", and rewarding him when he sits down. Finally she rewards him only if he sits down when she says the word "Sit". Sydney has used which conditioning process to train her dog?
Shaping Variable-interval Vicarious conditioning Observational learning |
Shaping
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Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification) programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change behaviors?
Classical Operant Insight Observational |
Operant
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According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response |
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
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Edward sees that his older brother receives a reward every time he cleans his room. So, Edward decides to clean his room, expecting a reward himself. This demonstrates which process in observational learning?
Direct reinforcement Direct punishment Vicarious reinforcement Vicarious punishment |
Vicarious reinforcement
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Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____.
negative punishment; positive punishment positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement positive punishment; negative punishment positive reinforcement; positive punishment |
positive punishment; negative punishment
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Aidan has good hand-eye coordination, reaction time, and speed. But, he is unlikely to learn how to play cricket, because he lives in the United States, where very few people play cricket. This reflects the importance of _______ in learning.
Discrimination Culture Contiguity Vicarious reinforcement |
Culture
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Pavlov's dogs automatically salivated when exposed to food because food is a(n):
Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response |
Unconditioned stimulus
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Match each type of operant conditioning to an example that fits it.
Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment A. Your parents add extra chores to your weekly workload in order to reduce your behavior of coming home after curfew. B. You increase your behavior of fastening your seatbelt in order to remove the annoying beep your car makes when you fail to do so. C. A speeding ticket - The state takes away your money in order to reduce your spring behavior. D. You give your child $5 every time they bring home a report card with good grades, in order to increase the likelihood that do so again in the future. |
Positive reinforcement: You give your child $5 every time they bring home a report card with good grades, in order to increase the likelihood that do so again in the future.
Negative reinforcement: You increase your behavior of fastening your seatbelt in order to remove the annoying beep your car makes when you fail to do so. Positive punishment: Your parents add extra chores to your weekly workload in order to reduce your behavior of coming home after curfew. Negative punishment: A speeding ticket - The state takes away your money in order to reduce your spring behavior. |
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Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.
encoding storage retrieval chunking |
encoding
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Joe has to learn several new concepts for an exam. He does so by building a number of connections between each new concept and his own personal experience. Joe is using which approach to memory encoding?
The dual-code approach Elaboration Divided attention Sustained attention |
Elaboration
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Beth finds that she can memorize material for her exam better if she creates a mental image of it. Which hypothesis supports this approach, saying that such imagery is stored in memory as both an image and a verbal code?
Two-way encoding hypothesis Dual-attention hypothesis Working memory hypothesis Dual-code hypothesis |
Dual-code hypothesis
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Which of these is true of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory of Memory?
Short-term memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory Iconic memory is retained longer than echoic memory Short-term memory has unlimited capacity It does not include permastore memory |
Short-term memory receives information from both sensory memory and long-term memory
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According to Baddeley's view of the three components of working memory, the _____ acts like a supervisor who monitors which information deserves our attention and which we should ignore.
visuospatial working memory central executive phonological loop amygdala |
central executive
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In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored?
Episodic memory Sensory memory Declarative (explicit) memory Nondeclarative (implicit) memory |
Nondeclarative (implicit) memory
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Dr. Burrhus approaches by studying only the observable things that people do. She says these are the only elements of human nature that are measurable, and so the science of psychology should focus on these things, and not on internal mental processes. Dr. Burrhus likely describes herself as which type of psychologist?
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Behaviorist
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Sonja believes the pill her doctor gave her has cured her of her anxiety disorder, even though the pill contained no active ingredients. Sonja's belief that she is better now is an example of the ______ effect.
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placebo
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