Psych 397 Chapter 8

Front 1

Afferent

Back 1

In neurology, the term refers to movement inward toward the central nervous system.

Front 2

Charles Bell (1774-1842)

Back 2

Codiscoverer with Francois Magendie that spinal nerves are specialized. The ventral root handles motor functions and the dorsal root handles sensory functions.

Front 3

Bell-Magendie Law

Back 3

The discovery by Sir Charles Bell in England and by Francois Magendie in France that motor functions are localized in the ventral root of the spinal cord, whereas sensory functions are localized in the dorsal root.

Front 4

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

Back 4

A French physician who is remembered, among other things, for his discovery that the anatomical locus for articulate or spoken speech is in a small region of the left frontal lobe - the inferior frontal gyrus, subsequently named Broca's area.

Front 5

Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (1757-1808)

Back 5

Argued for a naturalistic approach to psychological processes such as memory, intelligence and sensation.

Front 6

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

Back 6

French philosopher who is often regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. Descartes made extensive original contributions in a great variety of areas. He helped elaborate early scientific methodology, provided rich and often testable hypotheses about the relationships between behaviour and physiology and is regarded as one of the key figures in modern rationalism.

Front 7

Efferent

Back 7

Refers to neurological activity that moves outward from the central nervous system and towards muscles and glands.

Front 8

Pierre Jean Marie Flourens (1749-1867)

Back 8

French physician and neurophysiologist who employed the method of ablation (surgical removal or isolation of specific structures) as a means of establishing the functions performed by various parts of the brain.

Front 9

Gustav Theodor Fritsch (1838-1927)

Back 9

German physician and physiologist who, together with Eduard Hitzig, established the field of electrophysiology. Fritsch and Hitzig were pioneers in the use of direct electrical stimulation as a means of establishing brain functions.

Front 10

Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)

Back 10

German anatomist, physician and pioneer in faculty psychology. Gall believed that faculties of the mind were localized in specific regions of the brain and that well-developed or deficient regions were manifested in protrusions or indentations on the skull. Fall was the founder of phrenology, the attempt to asses character by examining the shape of the head.

Front 11

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Back 11

A key figure in the discovery of new quantitative techniques for the study of behaviour. He pioneered many early concepts in statistics including the concept of correlation.

Front 12

Camillo Golgi (1843-1926)

Back 12

Italian physician and histologist famous, among other things, for developing a staining technique that made it possible to distinguish fine nervous structures from surrounding tissue. His methods made a singular contribution to the advance of knowledge in neurophysiology.

Front 13

Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738-1814)

Back 13

Famous French physician who invented the instrument named after him and used for decapitation.

Front 14

Stephen Hales (1677-1761)

Back 14

One of the first to demonstrate clearly a spinal reflex and the dependence of that reflex on the integrity of the spinal cord.

Front 15

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

Back 15

One of the great German scientists of the 19th century. Among other contributions, he was the first to measure the speed of conduction of the nervous impulse.

Front 16

Julius Eduard Hitzig (1838-1907)

Back 16

German psychiatrist and neurophysiologist who collaborated with Gustav Theodor Fritsch to establish the field of electrophysiology. Fritsch and Hitzig were pioneer int he use of direct electrical stimulation to study brain functions.

Front 17

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Back 17

One of the first of the modern philosophers to advance a thoroughgoing mechanistic account of human behaviour. He also argued that self-interest serves as the primary basis for motivation.

Front 18

Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751)

Back 18

French physician whose famous book Man a Machine advanced a deterministic, evolutionary, and mechanistic approach to human mental processes.

Front 19

Francois Magendie (1783-1855)

Back 19

Demonstrated that motor functions are handled by the ventral root of the spinal cord and that sensory functions are handled by the dorsal root. Sir Charles Bell made the same discovery, now referred to as the Bell-Magendie Law.

Front 20

Johannes Muller (1801-1858)

Back 20

Great pioneer in experiment physiology. Remembered, among other things, for his doctrine of specific energies, which argues that each nerve is highly specialized to carry out one kind of function.

Front 21

Phrenology

Back 21

Literally, science of the mind. A theory developed by Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spruzheim that character and personality traits are related to specific regions of the brain. It was also believed that the surface features of the skull can be used as a means of assessing character.

Front 22

Jacques Quetelet (1796-1874)

Back 22

Early pioneer in statistics who was one of the first to realize there were quantitative procedures applicable to human behaviour. He understood that there are lawful regularities operating in moral and psychological arenas earlier regarded as capricious.

Front 23

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934)

Back 23

Spanish physician, histologist and anatomist who discoved the synapse and developed the modern theory of the neuron.

Front 24

Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)

Back 24

Sherrington was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932 for his monumental work on the integrative action of the nervous system. He laid the foundations for modern work in neurophysiology and coined many of the terms that are common in the field today.

Front 25

Specific Energies of Nerves

Back 25

Early belief that nerves are highly specialized so that they can carry out only one kind of function.

Front 26

Johann Kaspar Spurzheim (1776-1832)

Back 26

A student and disciple of Franz Joseph Gall, Spurzheim helped develop and popularize the theory of personality and character known as phrenology. He developed elaborate charts designed to asses personality via analysis of the shape of the skull.

Front 27

Statistics

Back 27

Literally, characteristics of the state. A branch of mathematics devoted to the study of appropriate means of collecting and interpreting data. A common focus is on establishing the probability of occurrence of a given event.

Front 28

Niels Stensen (1638-1682)

Back 28

Sometimes known as Nicolaus Steno. He exposed the anatomical errors of Descartes by demonstrating that animals have pineal glands and that the pineal body is not richly supplied with nerves. He further argued that contrary to the predictions of Descartes, the pineal glands could not possibly move from side to side. Such findings dealt a severe blow to Descartes's theory of nervous action.

Front 29

Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680)

Back 29

With a nerve-muscle preparation, Swammerdam performed a series of classic experiments demonstrating that a flexed muscle could not possibly grow larger because of the inflow of animal spirits. Swammerdam's demonstrations were contrary to predictions derived from the theory of nervous action advanced by Descartes.

Front 30

Johann August Unzer (1727-1799)

Back 30

First to apply the word reflex to simple sensorimotor functions. Also introduced the terms afferent and efferent.

Front 31

Carl Wernicke (1848-1905)

Back 31

German neurologist and psychiatrist who discovered the speech comprehension area in the left temporal lobe of the brain.

Front 32

Robert Whytt (1714-1766)

Back 32

First to identify clearly the components of a reflex in terms of the action of a stimulus on nervous tissue, resulting in a response.