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24 Cards in this Set

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Act Psychology

A system of psychological thought advanced by Franz Brentano emphasizing the forward-looking, intentional, planful character of experience. Brentano strongly rejected the simplistic characteristics of many of the early systems of psychological thought.

Affect (affection)

According to Titchener's early theory, affections are the elementary mental processes associated with emotions. Later, he viewed affections primarily as sensations of pleasantness or unpleasantness.

Attributes of Elementary Mental Processes

According to Titchener, elementary processes such as sensations include four attributes: quality, intensity, clearness and duration.

Franz Brentano (1838-1917)

Founder of a system of psychological thought known as act psychology. Brentano emphasized a developmental and pluralistic methodology and the active participatory, creative and intentional characteristics of mental life.

Context Theory of Meaning

According to Titchner, meaning depends on context or the association of a stimulus with other relevant surrounding stimuli.

Desire

According to Brentano, a way of being conscious of an object marked by attraction or repulsion.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

A curve demonstrating that forgetting of nonsense material is rapid immediately after learning. After an initial rapid decline, the rate of forgetting slows down.

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

One of the great pioneers in psychology, remembered for developing the nonsense syllable as a means of studying memory experimentally while minimizing past associations. Also developed an early form of a completion test and argued for the legitimacy of pure and applied psychology.

Element

An abstraction referring to a simple irreducible sensation.

Imageless Thought

Belief that there are objective meanings in experience that are not associated with specific words, symbols or signs.

Introspection

A species of observation, but the subject to be observed is in experience itself. Thus, introspection is a kind of "looking in" to identify elements of experience and the way these elements combine, or the processes and adaptations of experience.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A theory of emotion advanced independently by William James and Carl Lange. The theory emphasizes the somatic substrate of emotional experiences and argues that the experience of emotion is the experience of the activity of the body. Thus the famous statement: We see a bear, we run, and we are afraid. Jame's later version of emotion emphasizes constitutional determinants and the the impossibility of separating cognition and emotion.

Judgement

According to Brentano, consciousness of an object marked by belief or disbelief.

Oswald Kulpe (1862-1915)

Student of Wundt and well-known founder of an early psychological laboratory and school of thought at Wurzburg. Kulpe's experiments on imageless thought challenged the simplistic characteristics of other early systems.

Mental Set

Predisposition to respond in a given manner or tendency to organized an event in terms of an existing bias.

Georg Elias Muller (1850-1934)

Prominent German psychologist remembered for his work in psychophysics, memory, learning and vision. Numerous early psychologists studied with Muller at the University of Gottingen.

Presentation

According to Brentano, consciousness of an object marked by simple awareness of the presence of the object.

Primary Attention

According to Titchener, primary attention is involuntary and typically activated by a sudden or strong stimulus.

Secondary Attention

According to Titchener, secondary attention is learned and persists under difficult conditions (eg. staying alert while studying in noisy circumstances).

Structuralism

A system of psychological thought associated primarily with Edward Bradford Titchener, who attempted to model psychology after the more mature sciences, especially chemistry. Structuralism employed the method of introspection to search for the elements of consciousness and the rules by which elements combine.

Carl Stumpf (1848-1936)

Student of Brentano and pioneer in the psychology of music. His holistic orientation focused on meaningful mental phenomena rather than arbitrary elements of consciousness.

System

An organized way of envisioning the world or some aspect of the world.

Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927)

One of Wilhelm Wundt's best-known students and founder of a system of psychological thought known as structuralism. Titchener was a dominant force in US psychology from the early 1890's until his death in 1927.

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)

First woman to earn a doctorate in psychology and the second female president of the American Psychological Association. Washburn made significant contributions to the study of comparative psychology and was well known for her "motor theory of consciousness".