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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Aesthetic Mode of Existence

According to Kierkegaard, the emphasis on sensual or intellectual pleasure. This mode breeds indifference and boredom and the collapse into melancholy and despair.

Gordon Allport (1897-1967)

Well-known personality psychologist interested in the development of a psychology consistent with the principles of freedom and democracy. His individualistic psychology is consistent with many of the main themes of humanistic or third-force psychologies.

Franz Brentano (1838-1917)

Founder of act psychology, which emphasizes intentionality, the unity of consciousness, a broad methodology, and the application of psychology. Brentano's system shares numerous affinities with humanistic psychology.

Dasein

Literally, the term refers to "being-in-the-world". The term was employed by Heidegger to refer to a king of authentic self-awareness along with a deep awareness of the surrounding environment and one's role in that environment.

Disciplined Naivete

The attempt to approach the phenomena of consciousness while suspending presuppositions so that such phenomena may be captured int heir givenness.

Ethical Mode of Existence

According to Kierkegaard, the ethical mode of existence is marked by deep concerns for justice, genuine and caring moral concerns, and a capacity to shoulder responsibility. In the face of moral complexities and absurdities, the ethical mode of existence may collapse into a profound sense of irony.

Existentialism

A philosophical orientation typically traced to the work of Kierkegaard and Unamuno, marked by an emphasis on the centrality of experience, the role of freedom in human life, the irreducible uniqueness of each person, rejection of reductionism and the quest for authenticity in the face of all of the absurdities and forces that threaten human dignity.

Viktor E. Frankl (1905-1997)

Viennese psychiatrist and founder of a humanistic orientation known as logotherapy. Frankl emphasized the importance of the quest for meaning and the human capacity to construct alternative meaning orientations.

Functional Autonomy

A concept employed by Gordon Allport referring to the possibility that an activity may become independent of its original motivational sources and may now become reinforcing in its own right. An example is the person who originally goes to sea to make a living, but soon enjoys going to sea in its own right.

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

German philosopher and one of the most important existentialists of the 20th century. Heidegger's work focused on the theoretical meaning of existence and the practical questions of how we should exist individually and collectively in the world.

Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)

German philosopher and founder of phenomenology. He emphasized the uniqueness of consciousness, the danger of reductionism and an approach to the study of consciousness that attempts to describe what is naturally there in terms of content, impressions and meanings.

Ideal Self

According to Rogers, the self as one would like it to be.

Idiographic

According to Allport, an approach to the study of personality that emphasizes individual experience. This approach makes use of techniques such as case studies, verbal reports and interviews.

William James (1842-1910)

American psychologist and philosopher who emphasized the centrality of experience, individualism, a plurality of methods and the dangers of reductionism. Some of the intellectual traditions in his work are reflected in the works of humanistic psychologists.

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)

Danish philosopher commonly regarded as one of the founders of existentialism. Kierkegaard rejected the concern of rationalist philosophy with the abstraction of the intellect and instead called attention to the daily practical issues that individuals encounter and the problems of coping with those issues in an authentic way.

Learned Ignorance

A concept coming out of the work of Nicholas of Cusa referring to learning how not to think of God. Applied to psychology, the term could refer to the discipline of learning how not to think of ourselves.

Leibnizian Tradition

According to Allport, a tradition that emphasizes the proactive (purposive or goal-directed) nature of human life.

Lockean Tradition

Allport's expression referring to deterministic and mechanistic approaches to psychology according to which human beings are regarded as primarily reactive or as mere products of social conditioning.

Logotherapy

Viktor Frankl's approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the meaning orientation and the capacity of the individual to appropriate alternative meanings for the events of life.

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

One of the important founders and leaders or third-force psychology. Maslow is remembered, among other things, for his hierarchical theory of motivation, his studies on self-actualization, and his emphasis on studying healthy people as a means of building an appropriate database for an adequate psychology.

Mitwelt

Heidegger's term for the community or our life with other people.

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)

Early legal scholar, mathematician, and philosopher remembered for his doctrine of learned ignorance which refers to learning how not to think of God.

Nomothetic

Allport's term for a research orientation that emphasizes statistical abstractions (eg. means, standard deviations).

Noogenic Neuroses

Frankl's expression referring to the anxiety associated with loss of meaning or a feeling of worthlessness.

Paradoxical Intention

Frankl's expression referring to the capacity to do the very opposite of what one would most like to do. Thus, one who is fearful of flying might prefer to stay home but instead chooses to fly.

Phenomenal Field

An expression employed by Rogers to refer to the entire range of experiences that are part of a person's life.

Phenomenology

A philosophical orientation and a method for approaching a subject of interest. The method seeks to discover what is given directly in experience itself in contrast to intellectualized content.

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of positive human functioning and fulfillment among individuals, families and communities.

Religious Mode of Existence

Kierkegaard's expression for an orientation to life marked by a deep sensitivity to one's contingency and dependence on God.

Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987)

One of the most innovative figures in the tradition of humanistic psychology, remembered for his revolutionary attempts to wed psychotherapy with more traditional experimental psychology. His radical emphasis on the person represented a unique war against the authorities of institutions and systems.

Jospeh F. Rychlak (1928-2013)

A leader in the humanistic psychology tradition who argued for a rigorous humanistic psychology. He saw no necessary contradictions between humanistic psychology and rigorous scientific practices.

Self-actualization

A term employed by psychologists such as Kurt Goldstein, Carl Gustav Jung and Abraham Maslow. The term generally refers to fulfillment of positive potentials.

Self-transcendence

The capacity of an individual to critical examine her or his worldview and its limitations in relations to more comprehensive and inclusive multicultural perspectives.

Third-force Psychology

A term commonly employed to refer to humanistic psychology viewed as an alternative to behaviourism and psychoanalysis.

Throwness

Heidegger's term referring to those conditions, forces, or facts that do not easily yield to human effort.

Umwelt

Literally, the world around. Refers to the physical world or the environment.

Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)

Spanish philosopher who was deeply concerned about the dangers of specialization and reductionism. Unamuno also stressed the importance of affect and warned against a purely cognitive or intellectual approach to the problems of psychology.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Roger's term for a belief in the intrinsic worth of another individual. Unconditioned positive regard contrasts with the kind of acceptance or love that comes with conditions.