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503 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What three factors are commonly involved in suicide?***
Include at least one specific example for each |
● A triggering or stressful event
○ eg: a disciplinary crisis with parents, a rejection or humiliation (such as a breakup or failing in a valued activity) ● An altered mental state ○ eg: feelings of hopelessness, rage, or being drunk ● An opportunity ○ eg: a loaded gun or bottle of sleeping pills |
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Explain the two different types of goals and how they affect adolescent students***
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● Task goal: a goal based on a desire for self-improvement
○ Students with this type of goals are more likely toattribute success or failure to internal factors within their own control ○ They are more likely to set increasingly higher standardsfor themselves ● Ability goal: a goal based on a desire to be superior to or out perform others ○ Students with this type of goals are more likely to attribute success or failure to external factors beyond their own control ○ They are also likely to stop putting effort into their school work once they do not score as well as they had hoped. |
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What are the four different identity statuses from Marcia’s Theory of Achievement?***
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○ Identity Achievement: The person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.
○ Moratorium: A crisis is in progress, but no commitment has yet been made. ○ Foreclosure: Ther person has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis. Noreassessment of old positions has been made. Instead the young person accepts a parentally or culturally defined commitment. ○ Identity Diffusion: The young personis not in the midst of a crisis (although there may have been one in the past) and has not made a commitment. Diffusion may thus represent either an early stage in the process (before a crisis) or a failure to reach a commitment after a crisis. |
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Summarize the 6 stages of moral reasoning:***
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○ Stage 1: it is wrong if it was punished
○ Stage 2: If it feels good it is good ○ Stage 3: Morals are met to please the family or otherimportant people in the person’s life ○ Stage 4: Morals are defined by a larger social group (e.g.religious/national) ○ Stage 5: “The greatest good for the greatest number ofpeople” ○ Stage 6: Morals are based on higher values that can fully be explained, not simply because the moral has been taught to them - they candefend their reasoning |
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Adolescents: PHYSICAL CHANGES
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• The greatest amount of attention to the reproductive system, but major changes occur in other systems as well
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Adolescents: The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
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• Endocrine glands: glands that secrete hormones governing growth and other aspects of physical development
• Pituitary gland: gland that triggers other glands to release hormones (it is sometimes called the master gland) • Gonadotrophic hormones: hormones responsible for the development of the sex organs |
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Major Hormones that Contribute to Physical Growth & Development
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1. Thyroxine: normal brain development and overall rate of growth
2. Adrenal Androgen: some changes at puberty, particularly the development of secondary sex charact. in girls 3. Testosterone: crucial in the formation of male genitals prenatally, also triggers the sequence of changes in primary and secondary sex charact. in males. 4. Estrogen: development of the menstrual cycle and breast in girls; has less to do with other secondary charac. than testosterone does for boys 5. General growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and other activating hormones: from the pituitary gland, they are involved with the rate of physical maturation; signals other glands to secrete their hormones. |
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Primary sex characteristics
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• include growth of the testes and penis in the male, and ofthe ovaries, uterus, and vagina in the female
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Secondary sex characteristics
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• include breast development in girls,
• changing voice pitch and beard growth in boys, • the growth of body hair in both sexes
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Five stages of sexual maturity:
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Stage 1: is the pre-adolescent stage
Stage 2: includes the first signs of pubertal change Stages 3 and 4: are the intermediate steps Stage 5: encompasses the final development of adult characteristics |
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Sexual Development in Girls
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• Menarche: the beginning of menstrual cycles
• Girls in Canada: menarche occurs, on average, at age ~12.7 • Secular trend: a decline in the average age of menarche, along with changes such as an increase in average height for both children and adults, that happened between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries in Western countries and occurs in developing nations when nutrition and health improve |
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Sexual Development in Boys
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• The peak of the growth spurt typically comes fairly late in the sequence of physical development
• The development of a beard and the lowering of the voice occur near the end of the sequence • Boys likely begin to produce viable sperm some time between ages 12 and 14, usually before they have reached the peak of the growth spurt |
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Typical Sequence of Pubertal Development for Boys and Girls
Examples of Tanner's Stages of Pubertal Development Girls |
Stage: No change except for some elevation of the nipple
Stage 2: Breast bud stage - elevation of breast and the nipple as a small almond. Areolar diameter increases compared with stage 1. Stage 3: Breast and areola both enlarge and elevate more than stage 2, bit no separation of the contours Stage 4: Areola and nipple form a secondary mound projecting above the contour of the breast Stage 5: Mature stage: only the nipple projects, with the areola recesses to the general contour of the breast. |
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Typical Sequence of Pubertal Development for Boys and Girls
Examples of Tanner's Stages of Pubertal Development Boys |
Stage 1. testes, scrotum, and penis are almost the same size and shape as in early childhood
Stage 2. Scrotum and testes are slightly enlarged. Skin of the scrotum reddens and changes texture, but lil or no enlargement Stage 3. Penis slightly enlarged, at first mainly in length. Testes and scrotum are further enlarged. First ejaculation Stage 4. Penis further enlarged, with growth in breadth and development of glans, Testes and scrotum further enlarged, and scrotum skin still darker. Stage 5: Genitalia achieved adult size and shape. |
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Timingof Puberty
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• 12 and 13 year olds will show a range of sexual maturation from stage 1 through 5
–Boys and girls typically have an internal model about the ‘right’ timing for puberty –Girls who develop earlier have same problems with self-esteem/academics, and fewer behavioural problems than their later-developing peers. They may associate with older teens who show antisocial behaviours, and have problems later on –The earlier boys develop, the more positive their body image, the better they do in school, the less trouble they get into, and the more friends they have |
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The Brain - 2 major brain growth spurts in the teenaged years:
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–The first occurs between 13 and 15, when the cerebral cortex becomes thicker and the neuronal pathways become more efficient
–The second begins around age 17 and continues into early adulthood, when the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex (the area that controls logic and planning) are developing |
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The Skeletal System
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–Girls attain most of their adult height by age 16
–Boys grow until they are 18 to 20 years old –The normal cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns are reversed, so hands and feet grow first and the trunk is usually the slowest part to grow –The permanent teeth come in, the jaw grows forward and the forehead becomes more prominent –Joint development enables adolescents to achieve levels of coordination that are close to those of adults, and boys catch up with (or surpass) girls |
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Muscle fibres become thicker and denser
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–Boys and girls increase in strength, but boys much more
–In healthy girls, % fat rises, and % muscle falls –In healthy boys, % fat falls, and % muscle rises –Dramatic changes in eating, activity patterns have resulted in double the number of overweight and triple the number of obese teens –Canadian boys are overweight 2X as often as girls •The heart and lungs increase considerably in size, and the heart rate drops. This increases the capacity for sustained physical effort and both of these changes are more marked in boys than in girls |
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ADOLESCENT Health Care ISSUES
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•Get sick less often than children andinfants
•Appear to have a heightened level of sensation-seeking, or a desire to experience increasedlevels of arousal (adrenaline from fast driving or the “highs”associated with drugs) •Sensation-seeking leads to recklessness, which, in turn leads to markedly increased rates of accidents and injuries • Risky behaviours may be more common than during other periods |
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Adolescent Sexual Behaviour
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•The rate of Canadian teen girls and boyshaving sexual intercourse before age 15 has declined by one-third since themid-1990s and sits at ~8%
•The current rate for 15- to 17-year-oldsis 29%, •For 18- to 19-year-olds the rate is 65%. •Females are more likely than males toreport having sex without using a condom •Condoms and oral contraceptives (OC) arethe two main non-permanent methods of birth control favoured by Canadian women |
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Boys who begin sexual activity early
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–Live in poor neighbourhoods with low parental monitoring
–Come from poor families –Have families who condone sexual activity –Have lax dating rules –Are more likely to use alcohol –Were abused or neglected in childhood |
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Girls who are sexually active
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–Experienced earlier menarche
–Have low interest in school –Dated at an early age –Have a history of sexual abuse |
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Sexual Behaviour - risks evolvement
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•The greater the number of riskfactors, the greater the likelihood that he or she will be sexually active
•Adolescents’ moral and beliefs predictsexual activity •Sexual activity is lower in thosewho are involved in sports and other activities •Alcohol is a major contributor toadolescent sex |
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Sexual Behaviour - STI's
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•Inability to be assertive with a partnermay lower condom use
• Chlamydia continues to be the most commonly reported infectious disease in Canada –Canresult in ectopic pregnancy, infertility, genital and urinary tract disorders • Infection rates are among the highest in15- to 19-year-old females, who have an infection rate of ~17 cases per 1000,more than four times higher than the incidence found in their male peers • In Ontario, immunization against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is offered to allfemales and males aged 9 to 26. |
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Adolescent Sexual Behaviour - Myths
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•Making condoms more readily available to teenagers does not increase their rate ofsexual activity but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who arealready sexually active
• TheCanadian Guidelines for Sexual Health Educationemphasizes the importance of equipping youth with the information, motivation,and skills needed to make informed and responsible sexual decisions • Thefocus is on reducing specific risk-taking behaviour,which includes teaching youth about proper use of contraceptives |
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Teen Pregnancy
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•In Canada the rate of teenaged pregnancy has generally declined since 1974
•Of the world’s developed nations, the rate of teenaged pregnancy is highest in the United States, three times as high as the rate in Canada •Teenpregnancy is far more frequent among older adolescents and is most likely tohappen after a girl leaves secondary school •Slightlymore than half of all pregnancies by 15 to 19-year-olds are being terminated through abortion • Outcomes = higher rate of abortion, low rates of live birth, steady low rates of fetal loss |
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Teen pregnancy occurs more often
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–If sexual activity started at an early age
–In girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families –Ifthe girl’s mother had an early pregnancy –If the girl is rejected by her peers, or is aggressive • Teen mothers and their children whohave family support fare better than those without |
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Teen pregnancy occurs less often
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–In those who do well in school and have academic aspirations
–For girls with good communication with their mothers about sexual issues and contraception |
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Sexual Minority Youth (sexual orientation)
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•About 7% of teens report that they are still unsure of their sexual orientation, and 1% say that they classify themselves as exclusively gay, exclusively lesbian,or bisexual.
•By adulthood, onlya very small proportion who are still undecided as to their sexual orientation •When one identical twin is homosexual, the probability that the other twin will also be homosexual is 50 to 60%, 20% for fraternal twins; 11% for pairs of biologically unrelated boys adopted into the same family |
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Transgendered Teens
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•Psychological gender is the opposite of their biological sex
•Some studies suggest that transgendered individuals may have been exposed toatypical amounts of androgens in the womb; However, most do not have such histories, so the cause of transgenderism remains a mystery. • Sex reassignment is usually reserved for adults • At least half of those who explore this option decide on less drastic ways of coping. |
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Substance abuse and Mental problems
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•Despite the stereotype (“storm and stress") most teenagers are well adjusted
Alcohol: •Slightly more than 1 one in 4 students in Grades 7 to 9 have used alcohol in the past 12 months •Rates nearly double by Grade 10 to-12 •~17% of males and ~11% of femalesage 16–17 report heavy drinking; these percentages climb to ~39% for males and~28% for females age 18–19 • One serious consequence = 16- to 19-year-old the third highest rate of impaireddriving charges of any age group in Canada
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Tobacco
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•Cigarette smoking by Canadian youth has declined dramatically since the 1970s and has hitits lowest point in decades
•Youth smoking rate has been consistently lower than for the general population •Slightly more teen boys (11.3%) than teen girls (10.9%) are daily smokers •rates vary considerably across the provinces from a low in Alberta, Ontario and P.E.Iof 9% to a high of 20% in Saskatchewan |
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Eating Disorders
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•Eating disorders are amongthe most significant mental health problems during adolescence
•Bulimia: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging–essentially unheard of in countries where food is scarce or body thinness is not idealized •Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation–10 to 15% die of starvation; others die of complications •Adolescent girls in Western societies, who have the highest rates of eating disorders, are more likely to have negative body images than are adolescents in non-Western societies •Gay and lesbian youth unsure about their sexual orientation areat higher risk than heterosexual peers |
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Depression and Suicide
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•In Canada, 25% of young women and ~ 12% of young men (16 to 19 yo) experienced atleast one majordepressive episode inthe previous year
•Self-esteemdrops in early adolescence and depression rises •Completed suicide is about 3½ times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada •Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15-19 •Suicide attempts 3X more common among girls than among boys •Girls use methods that are less likely to succeed, such as self-poisoning •Depression and other mental disorders can contribute to suicide |
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Medication for Depression and Suicide
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•At least 3 neurobiological systems are involved in the neurobiology of suicidal behaviour
•Most medical treatment focuses on treatment of depression associated with suicidal behaviour •Anti-depression drugs known as SSRIs / SNRIs (selective serotonin [and noradrenalin] reuptakeinhibitors) were used in children and teens until recent studies linked them with increased suicidal ideation, attempts and risk of suicide and hostile aggression in these young populations •HealthCanada issued a rare public warning that advised parents to consult with theprimary care physician about the risks and benefits of prescribing these drugsfor patients under the age of 18 |
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First Nations Youth Suicide Crisis
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•Suicide rate for First Nation and Inuit 2 to 11 times higher than for non-Aboriginal people
•Suicide and self-inflicted injury is the leading cause of death (38%) for Aboriginal children 10 to 19 years of age •There are some communities in which the incidence of suicide is unmatched in the rest of the world •The community of Pikangikum in northwestern Ontario, with apopulation of about 1700, experienced 12 suicides in the 18 months prior to June 2001—eight were young girls and five of them were just 13 years old |
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First Nations Youth Suicide Crisis - GOALS
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•Along-term prevention plan and significant change is the prime goal
•Factors that promote cultural continuity in aboriginal communities are related to significant suicide reduction •Suicide rates varied directly with the number of cultural continuity embraced to strengthen and preserve cultural heritage |
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Six factors associated with cultural continuity
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?????
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Piaget’sFormal Operational Stage
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–The 4th of Piaget’s stages = adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
•Systematic problem-solving –Theability to search methodically for the answers to a problem •Logic divided in: –Hypothetico-deductive reasoning: the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises –Naïve idealism: a mental construct of an idealworld as compared to the real world |
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Direct Tests of Piaget’s View |
–Tendency to exaggerate others’ reactions to one’s own behaviour
–Tendency to base decisions on unrealistic ideas about the future |
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Newlook theory
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...claims development is social-emotional, not due to formal operational stage
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Formal operational reasoning enables...
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...teens to better understand figurative language (metaphors)
•Grade 8 students focus on here and now; Grade 12 students are more likely to consider things that might happen in the future…but 3/5 do not show this future orientation |
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From adolescence through adulthood, rates of formal operational thinking...
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....increase with education
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Advances in Information-Processing
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•By age 14 or 15, the metacognitive and metamemory skills of adolescents far exceed those of younger children
•Training studies, in which children and adolescents are taught to use a particular memory strategy, also suggest that metacognitiveabilities enable teenagers to benefit more from training than young children do •The ability to summarize written text improves gradually, but dramatically during the second half of adolescence |
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School experiences continue to act...
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...as a central force in the lives of adolescents
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Transition to Secondary School
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•Students typically show achievement and self-esteem declines
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Task goals
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are based on personal standards and a desire to become more competent
–Associated with greater sense of personal control and positive attitudes about school |
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Ability goals
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define success in competitive terms –Students may adopt relative standards
– good means beating someone else •Most 5th graders have task goals, but by 6th grade most have switched to ability goals |
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Gender& Academic Achievement
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• Canadian girls = higher marks than boys in most subjects in school andout-perform boys on some standard achievement measures including both basic and advanced-level reading
•In math and science, Canadian Grade 8 girls have caught up to boys over the last decade • Anticipation that 40% of elementary school girls will go on to complete a university degree vs. only 33% of boys •The trend of more women pursuing post-secondary education over thepast two decades in Canada •Women are still the minority in the physical sciences, engineering, and mathematics |
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Achievement is associated with
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–Parents who have high aspirations for them
–An authoritative parenting style |
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Leaving school early is associated with
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–Poor families - especially with a single parent –Peer influence |
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3 strong predictors of dropping out are
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–A history of academic failure –A pattern of aggressive behaviour
–Poor decisions about risky behaviour |
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Qualities associated with dropping out are...
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–Being quiet, disengaged, low-achieving, poorly adjusted
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Working Teens
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•In Canada, almost half of full-time Canadian students are now employed during the school term
•Working more than 10 to 15 hours per week is detrimental to high school students' grades and increases personal stress •Students who have positive work experiences develop increased feelings of competence and efficacy •More females in this age group feel constant pressure to achieve more than they can handle than males or females at any other age |
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Students who seem to benefit from work
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–Reduce the amount of time they devote to leisure activities, such as television and video games, in order to work
–Continue to spend just as much time studying as they did before they were employed |
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Cultural perspectives derived from other disciplines can reveal...
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...the important role culture plays in the adolescent’s transition from child to adult
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Psychoanalytic Perspectives
•Freud |
–Post-pubertal years are the last stage of personality development
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–Genital stage:
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the period during which people reach psychosexual maturity
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Psychoanalytic Perspectives |
–During this period the adolescent’s mind is in a kind of moratorium between childhood and adulthood
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–Identity versus role confusion
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- the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are
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–Identity crisis
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- the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent’s sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved
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Marcia'sTheory of Identity Achievement
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–Adolescent identity formation has two key parts: a crisis and a commitment
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Marcia's Theory |
–Identity achievement: The person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological,occupational, or other goals
–Moratorium:the identity status of a person whois in a crisis but who has made no commitment –Foreclosure: the identity status of a person who has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis; the person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment –Identity diffusion: the identity status of a person who is not in the midst of a crisis and who has made no commitment |
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Marcia's 4 identity status
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In adolescence, thinking becomes more...
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more abstract inadolescence, thus teenagers’ self-concepts are a lot more complex than those of younger children.
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Self-Understanding
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•Self-definitions = more and more abstract
•Physical traits = less dominant inlate adolescence, as most teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, personal philosophy, and moral standards
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The adolescent's self-concept becomes more differentiated as ....
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...they come to see themselves somewhat differently in each of several roles: as a student, with friends, with parents, and in romantic relationships
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Once self-concepts are formed...
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...they begin to influence adolescents’ behaviour, in positive and negative ways
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Gender-role identity
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- is the gender-related aspects of the psychological self
•The masculine and feminine types are the traditional categories; a person in either of these categories sees himself or herself as high in one and low in the other |
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Androgynous individuals
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...see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits
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Undifferentiated individuals
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...describe themselves as lacking both
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4 type of Gender Roles
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Self-Esteem
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- Androgynous or a masculine gender-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among both boys andgirls
•Cross-cultural research = adoption of an androgynous or masculine orientation by a girl can lead to lower self-esteem because gender roles and gender-role identity are very strongly tied to culture. •The overall trend is a rise inself-esteem through the years of adolescence |
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Influences on Adolescent Self-esteem
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The own Adolescent = influences physical appearance, state, mental ability, psychosocial state, personality attributes, aspirations, etc.
Relationships influences = parental, siblings, familial, boo=y-friend/girlfriend/romantic, teachers School influences - marks, homework/study, post-scull plans Lifestyle - exercise, relaxing, eating, beer, sex, entertainment, arts, going out, hobbies, drugs, etc Achievements - job/work, sports, artistic, housework, financial, etc Experiences and events - time, events, religion, migration |
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Ethnic Identity
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•Minority teenagers, especially recent immigrant youth, face the task of creating two identities in adolescence:
–Like other teens, they must develop a sense of individual identity that they believe sets them apart from others –In addition, they must develop an ethnic identity that includes self-identification as amember of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and some attitudes (positive or negative) about the group to which they belong –developing an ethnic identity - influenced by social environment - the concerns of the majority |
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Ethnic identity tends to strengthen with age and progresses through phases
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–Younger children tend not to pay attention to or haven’t shown much interest in their ethnic identity
–Next, they may start to become acutely aware of the differences between the values and attitudes that exist within the larger culture and their own culture –Finally they may develop a secure sense of membership and pride in and commitment to their own ethnic group |
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Bi-cultural identity
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...personal identification and satisfaction with more than one culture
–Adolescents who form a combined identity based on strong identification and participation in both their own ethnic culture and the larger culture have the highest self-esteem and the best outcomes |
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Locus of control
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–External locus: attributes the causes ofexperiences to factors outside himself
•Associated with procrastination and poor academic performance •Often accompanies low self-esteem, introversion, and neuroticism •Uses avoidant coping when faced with problems –Internal locus: believes in personal variables,such as ability and effort, as being responsible for outcomes •Completes tasks and succeeds in school •Optimistic outlook
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When external locus is combined with low self-esteem, introversion, and neuroticism...
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....teens (and adults) have many poor social and emotional outcomes
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The theorist whose work has had themost powerful impact is psychologist
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Theories of moral reasoning havebeen important in
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explanations of adolescent antisocial behaviour
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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
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• Assessing moral reasoning by presenting a subject with a series of dilemmas in story form, each highlighting a specific moral issue, such as the value of human life
•After reading the story, the person is asked a series of questions involving his moral judgments •Three main levels of moral reasoning, with two sub-stages within each level •What determines the stage or level of a person's moral judgment is not the specificmoral choice, but the form of reasoning used to justify that choice |
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•Age and Moral Reasoning
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–Children usually reason in the first 2 stages
–Stages 2 and 3 are commonly seen in adolescence |
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Preconventional Reasoning
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–Judgments are based on sources of authority usually parents
–Stage1 –punishment and obedience orientation –Stage2 –individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange - mostly teens |
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Conventional Reasoning
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–Judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs
–Stage 3 –Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity(the good boy/nice girl stage) –Stage 4 –Social system and conscience (law and order orientation) - mostly adults |
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Postconventional Reasoning
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–Judgments are based on development of a personal authority
–Stage 5 –Social contract orientation –Stage 6 –The universal ethical principles orientation |
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•Children must have a firm grasp of concrete operational thinking before ...
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they can develop or use conventional moral reasoning
•Formal operations appear to be necessary for advancement to the postconventional level |
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•The decline of egocentrism is the cognitive-developmental....
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variable that matters most in moral reasoning
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Role-taking
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is the ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory
Culture and Moral Reasoning View's |
–Kohlberg’s approach is too narrow to be considered universal
–Non-Western cultures do not fit well with Kohlberg’s approach •Justice is an important moral concept around the world •Justice does not supersede all other moral considerations in non-Western cultures |
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory Moral Reasoning and Emotions Views |
–Nancy Eisenberg explains that
•Empathy –the ability to identify with others’ emotions - is both a cause and consequence of moral development •There are age-related and individual differences in ability to regulate emotions that should be considered •Inability to control emotions triggers antisocial behaviours –Carol Gilligan •Anethic based on caring is as important as ideas about justice •Notes that there are sex differences in moral reasoning |
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Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory |
–Theories do not predict the differences between moral reasoning and moral behaviour
•Neither adolescents nor adults reason the same way in every situation •Situational factors may determine actual behaviour |
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Criminality
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Is an antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking
–Law breakers are distinguished from those who participate in other antisocial behaviours –Canada’s Youth Criminal Justice Act avoids labelling youth as criminals and focuses on the person’s actions that are malleable to change with rehabilitation and reintegration into society |
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Deficits in role-taking skills is associated to....
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- engagement in offences.
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Sub-varieties of youth who commitoffences:
1.Childhood-onset (6) |
–Problems are more serious and more likely to persist into adulthood –Temperament and personality play a role –Parents who fail at early attempts to control bad behaviour may worsen the behaviours –Seriously aggressive children can only find support with similar peers –As adolescents, they may exhibit serious disturbances in thinking –They likely display an array of other behavioural problems |
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Sub-varietiesof youth who commit offences:
2. Adolescent-onset (5) |
–Problems are typically milder and more transitory, apparently more a reflection of peer-group processes or a testing of the limits of authority than a deeply ingrained behaviour problem
–Criminal behaviour is strongly affected by their peers, and changes with the group –Parents who do not monitor sufficiently contribute to criminality –Friendships are not supportive or intimate –Parental monitoring and support can prevent criminality even if the youth’s friends engage in criminal behaviour |
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Youth Criminal Justice
Facts (5) |
•Since1991 crime rate in Canada fell steadily
•The peak age for crime rate is 15 for females and 17 for males •Males have a higher crime rate at every age •Youth are more likely to be victims of crimes committed by other youth •Females are more likely to be victims of violent crime than males
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What are the 2 socializing factors that predict youth crime rates?
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1.Peer influences
2. Parenting style. Which one? |
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Canada’s Youth Criminal Justice Act 3 main objectives:
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–Prevent crime
–Rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders into society –Ensure meaningful consequences for offences committed by young people |
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Advances in interpersonal understanding lead to changes in
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family and peer relationships
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Relationships with Parents
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- Increase in conflict in the great majority of families does not necessarily signify a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship
•Teenagers'underlying emotional attachment to their parents remains strong onaverage
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A teenager's sense of well-being or happiness is strongly correlated with
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the quality of attachment to parents than with the quality of relationships with peers
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Parenting Styles
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–Authoritative - is consistently associated with more positive outcomes
–Parental involvement in education and extracurricular activities is important for teenagers |
|
|
Family Structure
|
–Step-parents = on average, somewhat less teen well-adjustment than those who live with two biological parents
–Adolescent girls = more distress when parents divorce than boys. |
|
|
Friendships
|
–Shared activities and interests continue to be important elements in the selection of friends in adolescence
–A similarity of psychological characteristics and attitudes takes on new significance –Teens'friendships are increasingly intimate, in the sense that adolescent friends share more and more of their inner feelings and secrets and are more knowledgeable about each other's feelings –Loyalty and faithfulness become more valued characteristics of friendship –Adolescent friendships are more stable than those of younger children –Teens often choose friends who are committed to the same activities they are—e.g.computer and video games |
|
|
Peer groups
|
–become relatively stable in adolescence
– Too great discrepancy between their own ideas and those of their friends = more likely to switch to a more compatible group of friends –When explicit peer pressure is exerted, it is likely to be pressure toward positive activities, such as school involvement, and away from misconduct –Peer influence is neither all-powerful, nor uniformly negative |
|
|
Peer Group Structure
–Clique |
- four to six young people who appear to be strongly attached to one another
|
|
|
Peer Group Structure
– Crowd |
- a combination of cliques, which includes both males and females
|
|
|
Changes in Peer Group Structure
|
–Crowds are organized into a fairly clear, widely understood pecking order –Mutual friendships and dating pairs become more central to social interactions inlater adolescence than cliques or crowds |
|
|
Romantic Relationships
|
– a gradual progression from same-sex friendships to heterosexual relationships - faster for girls
–Skills gained in relating to opposite-sex peers and in mixed-gender groups prepare teens for heterosexual romantic relationships –Social competence in a variety of relationships predicts the ease of the progression to romantic relationships –Girls = want more psychological intimacy from these early relationships than their partners. |
|
|
Romantic Relationships Homosexualteenagers
|
- Today are more comfortable about revealing their sexual orientation to their parents and to their peers
–Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12, which is roughly the same time when heterosexual peers begin to notice their attraction to the opposite sex –Many homosexual teens go through a period of sexual discovery that begins with experimentation with heterosexual relationships –By age 15 or so, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation |
|
|
Early Adulthood Physical Functioning
|
Optimum physical and cognitive functioning is achieved in the 20s and 30s
Young adulthood is the period of lifewhen individuals’ developmental pathways begin to diverge significantly |
|
|
•Primary aging
|
- age-related physical changes that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable
|
|
|
•Secondary aging
|
- age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease
|
|
|
A minority of Canadian 20- to 34-year-olds die from __________; the majority of deaths are caused by __________________ or ___________
|
disease
unintentional injuries or suicide |
|
|
Thereare income-status differences in health, but it isn’t just that the rich are healthier and live longer than the poor; rather, the degree of _______________ ___________of a country is related to the overall health ofits citizens
|
socioeconomic inequality
|
|
|
•Prosperous nations with high levels of social inequality experience poorer overall health than less wealthy but more _____________ societies
|
egalitarian
|
|
|
Biological embedding
|
explains that social circumstances in the first few years of a child’s life can cause epigenetic modifications in the brain and body systems that determine the trajectory—for better or worse—of a person’s health through adulthood
|
|
|
The factors associated with ________ ________ can be viewed in relation to anindividual, and with respect to a population
|
secondary aging
|
|
|
The population approach
|
looks at the health indicators that influence populations as a whole
|
|
|
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), –Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE) and –Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALY) are....
|
•Aggregate health indicators that can measure the health status of a population by looking at quality of life
|
|
|
Factors influencing Adult health
|
Socioeconomic (50%) - Early childhood development, education, socioeconomic status, personal health behaviours, culture, gender,m employment, and social support
Health care system (25%) - Medical services, hospitals and medicals clinics, community and home-based health care services, as well as medical and health care prof. Biology and genetics (15%) - Organs and body systems, DNA Physical environment (10%) - Adequate housing, safe workplaces and communities and clean air, water, and soil. |
|
|
The brain continues to mature throughout early adulthood:
|
–A major spurt in the frontal lobes begins in preadolescence and continues into early adulthood (may be associated with increases in the capacity for formal operational thinking and other kinds of abstract reasoning)
|
|
|
–Another peak in brain development that is believed to happen affects the cognitive skill of response inhibition, which involves our... This may depend on the ability of the frontal lobes of the brain to regulate the limbic system.
|
...ability to carefully weigh all of our options.
|
|
|
Limbic system
|
the part of the brain that regulates emotional responses
|
|
|
•No matter what age an individual is, new ____________ are forming, ____________ is occurring, and old connections are dying off
|
synapses
myelinization
|
|
|
Point pot 2 facts about declinesin Physical Functioning in early adulthood.
|
– elite athletes notice the declines that start in the mid-20s, non-athletes will not notice declines until middle age
–In early adulthood, almost everyone has ample physical capacity to meet the physical demands encountered in everyday life |
|
|
Physical Age changes in Early adulthood
|
Vision: mid 40's - Lens of eye thickens and loses accommodation power = poorer near vision and more sensitivity to glare
Hearing: 50-60 - Loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones Smell: about 40's - decline in ability to detect and discriminate among different smells Taste: No apparent loss in the ability to discriminate taste Bones: Mid 30's - loss of Ca++ = osteoporosis; wear and tear on bone in joints = osteoarthritis ( more at 60's) Heart and lungs: 35-40 -most functions do not show age changes at rest, but at exercise. Nervous system: gradual - some loss - but not clear of how much - of neurons in the brain; gradual reduction in density of dendrites and brain volume and weight Immune: adolescence - Loss size of thymus, reduction in number and maturity of T cells; not clear how much of this change is due to stress and how much is primary aging |
|
|
Physical Age changes in Early adulthood
|
Reproductive sys: Mid 30 women - increased reproductive risk and lowered fertility. Men at 40's - gradual decline in violable sperm, very gradual decline of testosterone from rely adulthood.
Cel activity. - gradual loss of elasticity ins most cells, including skin, muscle, tendon, and blood vessel; faster deterioration in exposure to sunlight Weight - weight reaches a maximum in middle adulthood and gradually declines Skin - 40 - increase wrinkles due to loss elasticity, oil secreting glands become less efficient Hair - 50 - thinner and grey |
|
|
•Heartand Lungs
|
–Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max): a measure of the body’s ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs
–Exercise capability declines ~ 1% per year beginning between 35 and 40 |
|
|
•Strength and Speed
|
–Strength is at its peak in the 20s and 30s and then declines steadily
|
|
|
•Reproductive Capacity
|
–The risk of miscarriage and other complications of pregnancy is higher for a woman in her 30s than in her 20s
–Fertility is at its highest in late teens and early 20s, and drops steadily thereafter –Men’s reproductive capacity declines far more slowly, and healthy men are able to father children throughout their lives –Women may begin ovulating intermittently as soon as the early 30s |
|
|
•Immune System Functioning
|
–The two key organs in the immune system are the thymus gland and the bone marrow
—they create two types of cells: T cells defend against essential internal threats, such as transplanted tissue, cancer cells, and viruses that live within the body's cells •B cells fight against external threats by producing antibodies against such disease organisms as viruses or bacteria –The thymus gland is largest in adolescence and declines dramatically thereafter in both size and mass, increasing the susceptibility to disease –Over a period of years and many stresses, the immune system may become less and less efficient |
|
|
Risky behaviours that jeopardize health in early adulthood?
|
— multiple sex partners or substanceabuse
—generally poor health habits, can be problematic |
|
|
What re the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), among early adults?
|
Includes chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and HIV
•New cases of STIs have been increasing, especially for chlamydia •HIV is on the rise in homosexuals, heterosexuals, females, and Aboriginals •More than 71 300 Canadians now live with HIV and/or AIDS, of which almost 17 000 are women. •Three-quarters of the new HIV infections in women are due to heterosexual contact (~76%), while the remainder is attributable to injectable drug use |
|
|
What causes the higher risk of mortality among every age group?
|
Poor healthy habits
|
|
|
Identify 5 health practices?
|
1. getting physical exercise,
2.not smoking, 3. no drinking, 4. over- or under-eating, 5. and getting regular sleep –Healthylifestyle choices of early adulthood have cumulativeeffects |
|
|
What sis the role of Social support in health of young adults?
|
Adults with adequate social support have a lower risk of disease, death, and depression than do adults with weaker social networks or less supportive relationships
|
|
|
What is the role of Sense of Control in the health of adults?
|
Those who are high in self-efficacy are more likely to follow medical advice with regard to health problems such as chronic headaches
–Locus of control also contributes to health –Optimists show larger benefits from medication than pessimists do |
|
|
What i stye prevalence of intimate pattern abuse?
|
–Intimate partner violence is one of the most common forms of violence against women both in Canada and globally
–Significantly across Canada, but overall roughly 8 in 10 victims of police-reported intimate partner violence are women –Both men and women are at higher risk of violence from dating partners than spouses –Gay, lesbian or bisexual Canadians are roughly three times as likely to be victims of spousal violence –25% of Aboriginal women and 13% of Aboriginal men have been assaulted by their spouse |
|
|
what contribute to partner abuse rates?
|
–Cultural attitudes
|
|
|
8 Characteristics of abusers
|
• Tendency toward irrational jealousy
• Need for dependency in the partner and control in a relationship • Sudden mood swings • Quick temper • Aggressive men • High school drop-outs • Frequent unemployment • Alcohol or drug users |
|
|
3 Characteristics of victims
|
• More likely to have been abused as children
• Young women (16 to 24) • Alcohol or drug users |
|
|
What are the effects of abuse on individuals?
|
–They often react by being upset, confused, frustrated, and angry and may develop feelings of fear, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem
–Some become so despondent that they consider or attempt suicide as an escape –Decrease in Employment and productivity - Witnessing abuse negatively affects children’s development |
|
|
what are the efforts to prevent abuse?
|
–Vigorous law enforcement
–Training programs to teach signs of abuse to law enforcement officials and hospital emergency room personnel that teach them –Prevent re-victimization = provide victims with problem-solving skills and temporary shelters that –Community-wideand school-based approaches = educate the public about intimate partner abuse = change attitudes about the acceptability of violence in intimate relationships, so that abuse will not happen in the first place |
|
|
What are the levels of sexual assault according to Canadian Laws?
|
–Level1: sexual assault (e.g., kissing, touching, oral or anal sex, intercourse orother forms of penetration)
–Level2: sexual assault with a weapon or resulting in bodily harm –Level3: aggravated sexual assault (e.g., wounding, maiming, disfiguring or endangering the life of the victim) |
|
|
•Prevalence of sexual assault
|
•Of those aged 15 and older, women are far more likely than men to be sexually assaulted, accounting for ~92% of reported sexual offence cases in Canada
•The rates of police-reported sexual offences peaked during the 1990s and then declined in Canada •Most sexual violence by ppl known by the victim - occurs within the context of established social or romantic relationships; one- quarter of all sexual assaults are committed by strangers |
|
|
What are the Psychological effects of being a victim of sexual violence?
|
- Development of sexual dysfunctions and post-traumatic stress disorder
– Psychological effects may persist more than a decade in many victims |
|
|
–Date rape
|
- is a particularly troubling type of sexual violence among young adults
•Men’s belief that “no means yes” may contribute •Many cases are premeditated and involve the use of alcohol and drugs |
|
|
What can prevent sexual assault ?
|
Prevention often involves training potential victims to avoid situations in which such episodes are likely to occur
|
|
|
What are the rate risk of mental health problems is adulthood?
|
The risk of virtually every kind of emotional disturbance is higher in early adulthood than in middle age
|
|
|
What are the causes of mental health problems in adulthood?
|
–Early adulthood is the period during which adults have both the highest expectations and the highest level of role conflict and role strain
–Mental disorders are believed to result from an interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors •Mental disorders tend to run in families •Increasingly, disturbances in specific brain function have been found |
|
|
What are the most common mental disorder?
|
Disorders associated with intense or prolonged fear and anxiety such as •Anxietyand Mood Disorders
|
|
|
Example of Anxiety disorders?
|
Phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and panic disorder.
|
|
|
Example of Mood disorders?
|
Depression is the most frequent of these disorders
Bipolar depression |
|
|
•Alcohol and Substance Disorders
|
–Alcohol abuse and drug addiction peak in the years between 18 and 40
–For the age group 20-24, 53% of male drinkers and 23% of female drinkers were considered to be regular heavy drinkers |
|
|
What is Binge drinking?
|
Its a common practice among post-secondary school students
|
|
|
What are factors/behaviours associated to Bing drinking?
|
Associated with a variety of problem behaviours, including
- substantially higher rates of unprotected sex, - physical injury, - driving while intoxicated, - and trouble with the police. |
|
|
What are Personality disorders?
|
- Serious disturbances in cognitive, emotional and social functioning that are not easily treated
|
|
|
What are the parameters to be diagnosed with personality disorder?
|
–To be diagnosed with any of the personality disorders a young adult has to have been exhibiting the behaviour since mid- or late adolescence, and the person should demonstrate the behaviour consistently, across all kinds of situations
–Some of these disorders improve, but most remain problematic for life |
|
|
What factors are involved with the development of Personality disorders?
|
- stresses of young adulthood combined with of biological factor)
|
|
|
Name 5 main personality disorders
|
Antisocial
Paranoid Histrionic Narcissistic Borderline |
|
|
Antisocial
|
Difficulty forming emotional attachments; lack of empathy; lil regard for the rights of others; self-centred; willingness to violate the law or social rules to achieve a desired goal
|
|
|
Paranoid
|
Suspicious of the other's behaviours and motives; emotionally guarded and highly sensitive to minor violations of personal space or perceived rights
|
|
|
Histrionic
|
Irrational, attention-seeking behaviour, inappropriate emotional responses, sexually seductive behaviour and clothing
|
|
|
Narcissistic
|
Exaggerated sense of self-importance; craves attention and approval, exploits others; lack of empathy.
|
|
|
Borderline
|
Unstable moods and relationships; fear of abandonment; tendency to self-injury; highly dependent on others,; implosive and reckless behaviour.
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
–Affects1% of Canadians –Aseriousmental disorder characterized by disturbances of thought such as confusedthinking, delusions and hallucinations –Disturbancesof thought may interfere with normal function and Hospitalizationmay be necessary –Newmedications help many to cope |
|
|
Cognitive changes in early adulthood
|
•They reach intellectual peak - therate of decline is quite slow
•The rate and pattern of cognitive decline varieswidely—differences appear to be caused by a variety of environmental andlifestyle factors, as well as by heredity |
|
|
Some theorists dispute Piaget’s hypothesis that this ______________________ the final stage of cognitive development , and propose the ___________ thought.
|
Formal Operations
Postformal thought: |
|
|
Postformal thought
|
Are types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development
They are: Relativism, Dialectical thought, and reflective judgement. |
|
|
–Relativism
|
Is the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false
|
|
|
–Dialectical thought
|
Is a form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty
|
|
|
–Reflective judgement
|
Is the ability to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues
|
|
|
______scores remain quite stable across middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood
|
•IQ
|
|
|
•Crystallized intelligence
|
....depends heavily on education and experience.
It consists of the set of skills and bits of knowledge that every adult learns as part of growing up in any given culture |
|
|
•Fluid intelligence
|
Involves more "basic" abilities that depend on the efficient functioning of the central nervous system and less on specific experience
|
|
|
•Research suggests that adults maintain __________________ intelligence throughout early and middle adulthood, but ______________ intelligence declines fairly steadily over adulthood, starting at perhaps age 35 or 40
|
crystallized
fluid |
|
|
What has been contributing to young adults to pursue further education?
|
1. Recessionary labour markets
2. highly-educated immigrants |
|
|
•Canadahas the world’s highest proportion of adult college ______% and university ____%graduates combined _____%
|
24%
26% 51% |
|
|
What's the rate of Canadian women that possess a bachelor’s degree or a master’s degree?
|
Women from 25 to 34 years of age now possess a bachelor’s degree (62%) or a master’s degree (54%)
•But fewer women than men have doctoral degrees (45%) |
|
|
People who succeed in completing a degree or diploma have a _________ advantage, tend to have higher_________ and less ___________
|
clear income
job satisfaction unemployment |
|
|
Longitudinal evidence suggests that the longer a person remains in a_________ school, the better her performance on Piaget’s ____________ and othermeasures of ________ reasoning
|
post-secondary
formal operational tasks abstract |
|
|
•Advances in _______ and ________ reasoning, as well as increases in the __________ with others' feelings, are also linked to college or university attendance
|
moral
social capacity to empathize |
|
|
The timing and content of the various adult _____ obviously differ from one culture to another, from one cohort to another, and even from one individual to another
|
roles
|
|
|
Adults’ social connections become far more ________ between the ages of 20 and40—through marriage, divorce, parenthood, and career development
|
complex
|
|
|
Intimacy versus isolation:
|
Erikson’s early adulthood stage, in which an individual must find a life partner or supportive friends in order to avoid social isolation
|
|
|
Intimacy
|
The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one’s own sense of self
|
|
|
What successful resolution of the intimacy vs isolation stage depends on?
|
Depends on a good resolution of the identity versus role confusion crisis encountered in adolescence
|
|
|
What is Lifestructure concept?
|
It's a key concept in Levinson’s theory that explains that the underlying pattern or design of a person’s life at a given time, which includes roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns
|
|
|
•Adults cycle through periods of _________ and ___________
|
stability
instability |
|
|
An adult passes through three phases when a new life structure is required: _____ phase, mid-era phase and the _______ phase
|
novice
mid-era culmination |
|
|
Developmentalists viewthe period between ages 17 and 22 as a ___________ period
|
transitional
|
|
|
Emergingadulthood
|
is the period from the late teens to early 20s when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles
|
|
|
Neuroimaging studies have provided some support for the notion that _______________is a unique period of life
|
emerging adulthood
|
|
|
Intimaterelationships form the ________ base from which most young adults move out intothe adult world
•Marriagesin Canada are quickly starting to mirror our ____________ diversity •Inaddition to the legalization of same-sex marriages, we’ve seen a dramatic________ in mixed unions among those with differing sociodemographic andcultural characteristics •Internet relationships have added a wholenew dimension to _____________ and __________ |
secure
sociodemographic increase courtship and dating |
|
|
Mate selection Evolutionary Theory
|
Often cite research on sex differences inmate preferences and mating behaviour to support their views
|
|
|
•Men prefer physically __________, _________ women
•Women look for men with higher _______________ status, offering earning potential and stability |
attractive, younger
socioeconomic |
|
|
Parental investment theory
|
Sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child-rearing
|
|
|
SocialRole Theory
|
Sex differences in mate preferences and mating behaviour are adaptations to gender roles
|
|
|
Social Role Theory |
economic
declines decreases |
|
|
Social Role Theory |
age, education, social class, ethnic group membership, religion, attitudes, interests, and temperament
|
|
|
Social Role Theory |
is a sociologist’s term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one’s own
|
|
|
Quality of relationship and mating searching for marriage depends on....
|
–Attachment
–Love --Conflict management
|
|
|
RelationshipQuality
|
Adults believe that: –Each partner brings skills, resources & traits –Personality is especially important –Attitudes toward marriage affect marital stability |
|
|
The Role of Attachment
|
–Adults create internal models of attachment to a prospective spouse that are similar to their attachment to their parents
–New couples must let go of families of origin in favour of their new family |
|
|
Role of Love
–Sternberg suggests 3 key components of love: |
Intimacy, passion, commitment
–When these components combine in all possible ways, the result is 7 sub-varieties of love |
|
|
7 sub-varieties of love
|
- Empty love - commitment only
- Companionate love - commitment and intimacy - Liking - intimacy only - Consummate love - commitment, intimacy and passion - Fatuous love - commitment and passion - Infatuation - passion only - Romantic love - passion and intimacy |
|
|
Conflict Management
|
–How a couple manages conflict is a predictor of relationship quality
–Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be •Hostile/engaged •Hostile/detached –Most often, couples become unhappy because they are negative –Successful marriages are like secure attachments • |
|
|
–Couples with stable or enduring marriages may be
|
•Validating
•Volatile •Avoidant |
|
|
–Couples with unsuccessful marriages may be
|
•Hostile/engaged
•Hostile/detached |
|
|
–Most often, couples become unhappy because they are _________
–Successful marriages are like _________________ attachments |
negative
secure |
|
|
Facts about Divorce
|
•Longitudinal studies show that 38% ofmarriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage
•Men divorce at the average age of 43.1years and women at the age of 40.5 •The divorce rate generally peaks duringthe fifth year of marriage •The average marriage lasts 14.2 years |
|
|
PsychologicalEffects of Divorce
|
- is associated with increases in mental health problems, especially depression
|
|
|
- Compared to those who stay married, Men are ____ times more likely to become ______ following marital ________
–Women are _____ times more likely to become depressed following marital breakdown • |
3
depressed breakdown 2½ |
|
|
Economic effects of Divorce
|
Men more commonly leave a marriage with far greater earning power
–Men are more likely to have had continuous work histories •Womenusually retain custody of the children •Divorcedmen generally increase their economic positions to above average •Divorcedwomen are strongly adversely affected, with an average decline in income tobelow average •Formany women, the financial effect never disappears, unless they wereabove-average earners before divorce |
|
|
Divorce Effects on Life Pathways
|
–It may lengthen the total number of years of child rearing
–If the individual remarries, there may be a reduction in the number of years that the remarried couple has between the departure of the last child and the time when their elderly parents may need economic or physical assistance |
|
|
•Studiesin Canada, the U.S., and several European countries show that those who cohabitbefore marriage are less ______ with their subsequent marriages
•Thedivorce rate for those who cohabit before marriage is _______ that of coupleswho did not cohabit •Cohabitingleads to development of a life structure for cohabiting, not for marriage •Adultswho choose to cohabit before marriage are _________, in key ways, from thosewho do not |
satisfied
double different |
|
|
1 in _____ same-sex couples is married while the majority are in __________________
•____________ security is just as important in same-sex unions as in heterosexual ones •Gayand lesbian partners are often more ________________ for social support •Homosexualcouples seem to be more ___________ than heterosexual couples •________gamyis important to gay male couples but is considered to be negotiable by most |
3
common-law relationships Attachment security dependent on each other egalitarian Mono |
|
|
•Maturesingles who do not intend to marry do not value being part of a ______ or a______ as highly as singles who expect to marry
•Continualsinglehood has ________ over singlehood that follows a _______ or the death ofa spouse •Manysingles still have ______ relationships •Oncesingles have determined that they expect to stay single, this ________________ may help protect singles from some of the _________ aspects of singlehood |
couple
family benefits divorce intimate self-affirmation negative |
|
|
•Thesecond major new role typically acquired in early adulthood is the _________
•Thetransition into this new role brings with it unique __________ and, to makematters more complicated, it usually happens when most other ___________ are in transition as well |
parenthood
stresses social relationships |
|
|
TheDesire to Become a Parent is great for
–_______% of parents believe parenting is the most important thing they could do –More_____ than _________ see parenting as positive |
men and women
92% men women |
|
|
Characteristics of the transition experience of parenthood
|
–Newparents may argue about child-rearing philosophy as well as how, when, where,and by whom child-care chores should be done
–Parentsare usually also physically exhausted, perhaps even seriously sleep-deprived,because their newborn keeps them up for much of the night –Somecultures have ritualized rites of passage that help the new parents cope |
|
|
What is PPD?
|
PostpartumDepression–asevere mood disturbance resulting in feelings of sadness lasting a few weeksor, rarely,for a year or more after childbirth.
–Rates are around 10% and 25% of new mothers who experience severe mood disturbance –Thegreatest predictor of PPD is depression during pregnancy, but hormones alsoplay a role |
|
|
Whats the developmental impact of parenthood?
|
–Positivebehaviour changes: ex. decreased risky behaviours
–Generally maritalsatisfaction isat its peak before the birth of the first child, but drops andremains at a lower level until the last child leaves home
|
|
|
What are strategies to achieve satisfaction ppl do after having?
|
•Having balance between work and family as main goal, which is an important but elusive goal that affects satisfaction
|
|
|
What is the best solution to achieve/ maintain marriage satisfaction after having children?
|
• keeping/ developing Pre-existing positive conflict-resolution strategies and having both parents in the home are predictors for less dissatisfaction after the child is born
|
|
|
How's marital satisfaction for childless couples?
|
– satisfaction fluctuates less over time for childless couples
– higher cohesion than do couples with children–Women without children are much more likely to have full-time continuous careers |
|
|
What is "Motherhood earnings gap"?
|
It's a measure showing how much the earnings of women with children are below those of women without children
|
|
|
Characteristics of social network of Early adulthood
|
– The parents remain significant parts of the young adult's life
–Relationships are strongly influenced by proximity –Family connectedness over time has strong cultural influences –Friends are chosen from among those we see as like ourselves in education, socialclass, interests, family background, or family life cycle stage |
|
|
How is friendship in adulthood different from adolescence?
|
- Adults choose their friends based on similarity in education, social class, interests, family background, or family life cycle stage
- women have more close friends and more intimate friendships, with more self-disclosure and exchange of emotional support - male friends are less likely to come to an agreement or to ask/provide emotional support to each other - |
|
|
What is Kin-keeper?
|
– it's a family role, usually occupied bya woman, which includes responsibility for maintaining family and friendship relationships
because Women have a larger relationship role than men. |
|
|
Characteristics of the young adult as Worker
|
- most need to take on this role to support themselves economically
- satisfaction is important to mental and life satisfaction |
|
|
what are the influences on young adults choosing an occupation?
|
- Family Influences– youth tended to choose occupations at the same general social class level asthose of their parents
–Families also influence job choices through their value systems –Parental moral beliefs influence young adults’ willingness to enter various occupations |
|
|
Gender differences in choosing occupation
|
More women than men are now enrolling in all major fields, except for architecture/ engineering, mathematics/computer sciences, andpersonal/protective/transportation services
–In 2007, women’s median full-time wages were roughly 75% of men’s –Young ppl prefer Non-stereotypical job choices as they see themselves as androgynous, or if their parents have unconventional occupations |
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Personality influence in occupation choice
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Personalities matching jobs = more likely to have be work satisfaction
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What are the Holland's Personality Types and Work Preference?
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Realistic
Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional |
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Realistic personality
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aggressive, masculine, physically strong, often with low verbal or interpersonal skills; prefer mechanical activities and tool use, choosing jobs such as mechanics, electritian, or surveyor
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Investigative type
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Oriented toward thinking (particularly abstract thinking), organizing,m and planning; prefer ambiguous, challenging tasks but are low in social skills; are often scientists or engineers
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Artistic type
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Social; prefer unstructured, highly individual activity; are often artists
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Enterprising type
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Highly verbal and dominating; enjoy organizing and directing others; are persuasive and strong leaders, often choosing careers in sales
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Social type
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Extraverts; ppl-oriented, sociable, and attention-seeking; avoid intellectual activity and dislike highly ordered activity; prefer to work with ppl, choosing service jobs such ad nursing and education
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Conventional type
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Prefer verbal and dominating activities and subordinate roles; like clear guidelines and see themselves as accurate and precise; may choose occupations such as bookkeeping or filing
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What is career development?
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The process of adapting to the workplace, managing career transitions, and pursuing goals through employment
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what are the 4 super stages of Career Development?
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Growth - birth to 14 yo
Exploratory - roughly from 15 to 24 Establisment 25 - 45 Maintenance - from 45 to retirement |
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What affects job satisfaction?
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Personality traits
Preparedness (school, college, or university) increase satisfaction Job satisfaction is at its lowest in early adulthood, but rises steadily till retirement. |
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•Ittakes the average Canadian youth ~____ years to make the transition from school tofull-time work
•Thetransitional delay means that young men are economically _______ incomparison to men of previous generations •Youngwomen, especially those who have continued to advance their education, are_____ than young women of earlier generations •Froma heterosexual couple’s standpoint, the woman’s greater financial contribution________ for the man’s losses as most couples form a two-worker family •Overall,it is ____________ to delay the transition into work, provided that one pursuesan advanced education and puts off starting a family |
7
worse off better off compensates advantageous |
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•Women who work continuously have ____________ and achieve higher levels in their jobs than do those who move in andout of employment
•Short bursts of work, or part time work,allow women to do better ________ in the long run •Women continue to have a conflict betweenwork and _________ |
higher salaries
economically childrearing |
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•While women continue to do the majorityof_________ work, Canadian men are gradually doing more
•Young Canadian adults aged_________ experience the most time pressure of all age groups •Working women have more _______ in theirmarriages or partnerships than non-working women do •Women feel more role ______ betweenfamily and work roles than men. |
in-house
25 to 44 power conflict |
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Name and describe the 3 ways divorceaffects adults.****
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· Psychologically: Increase in mental health problems. Men are more likely to be depressed.
· Economically: Women typically lack high earning capacity because they usually retain custody of any children. Men’s incomes are more likely above the average income. Women’s are usually below the average income. · Life Pathways: Timing of family roles changed. Eg: when to have a child once remarried |
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What, in detail, is a life structure?(Include the 3 phases) ***
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· A key concept in Levinson’s theory: the underlying pattern or design of a person’s life at a given time, which includes roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns.
i. Novice Phase: period of adjustment ii. Mid-Era Phase: competence increased in facing challenges through reorganization of life structure created during phase i. iii. Culmination Phase: success in building a life structure that allows them to manage the demands of new challenges in development · Eg: Marriage compared to simply living together. |
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List two of the three main factors that influence an adult’s choice of occupation and briefly describe how they influence it ***
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· Family influences: An adult’s career choice isnormally similar to his or her family’s social class level and is affected bythe parents’ values and moral beliefs.
· Gender: Most adults choose jobs that fit thecultural norms for their gender. Most women choose traditionally female jobslike nursing and teaching, but more recently, women have begun to occupymale-dominated jobs like medicine and senior management. · Personality: Job satisfaction is more likely ifa person’s personality matches well with his or her chosen career. |
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Describe the transition to parenthood in early adulthood ***
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· The transition often causes stress, exhaustion,and less time for the parents to focus on each other.
· This transition also presents a possible risk ofthe mother having PPD (postpartum depression). |
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Define semantic and episodicmemory. Which one’s performance declines with age? ***
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Episodic memory: When people re experience personal events or episodes.
Semantic memory: General knowledge about the world, facts and word meanings. Episodic memory declines with age and this is why older adults need to use cues as reminder for certain every day events. |
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Describe two ways to preventosteoporosis. ***
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· Get enough calcium during early adulthood ·
· Regular weight-bearing exercise · BMD test: Bone mineral test identifies osteoporosis before it causes any trouble. When osteoporosis is detected, bone building medications are recommended. |
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Name the 3 most commontypes of cancer that may lead to death either in males or females in Canada. ***
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· First= Lung cancer,
· Second= colorectal cancer (men)/ breast cancer (women), · Third= prostate cancer (men) and colorectal cancer in (women). |
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Name and briefly explain the stages George Vaillant added to Erikson’s lifespan model around middle adulthood. ***
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Career Consolidation: In this stage, individuals make occupational decisions and consequently develop more stable social networks. Vaillant here understands career broadly to include stay at home parenting.
Keeper of meaning: In this stage, middle age adults work to continue the institutions and values they believe will benefit the future. These institutions could include religious, political organizations, the arts or educational institutions. |
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When most changes occur for middle adults?
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at 40's - 50's
some physical functions have substantial decline, but the amount of loss is less for the healthy ones middle adulthood is the intellectual and creative peak |
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What MRI could tells us about our brains in middle adulthood?
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- white matter volume crests, while grey matter continues ti decline (this begins in childhood and does not level off till age of 60).
- New synapses still forming, but not like longer years and more are lost compared to the formation rate - the ares that develop last are the ones that decline first - frontal and parietal lobes |
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What affects the adult brain?
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- behavioural choices and mental health
- cognitive tasks activate larger area of the brain in adults more than in younger adults - sensory stimuli response is different from young brains - in everyday requiring intense concentration and rapid judgements (driving car) middle age perform better - therefore it is difficult to establish a direct relationship between age and brain differences and cross-age variations in behaviour |
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Male climacteric
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- term used to describe the adult period during which reproductive is decline or lost
- in main, is extremely gradual, with a slow loss of reproductive capacity - never loses completely |
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Menopause
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- cessation of monthly menstrual cycles in middle-aged woman
- average age is 50 |
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Menopausal phases
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- Premenopausal: estrogen levels fall somewhat, menstrual periods are less regular, and anovulatory cycles begins to occur
- Peri-menopausal: estrogen levels and progesterone levels are erratic, menstrual cycles may be very irregular, and women begin to experience symptoms - hot flashes - Postmenopausal: woman is postmenopausal when she has had no menstrual periods for a year or more |
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What are the psychological effects of menopause?
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- no correlation between major depression and menopause was found
- negativity during menopause is common for person that is usually negative and from life stressors before entering menopause - individual differences - women whit significant symptoms that let longer will experience most depression and negative moods - sleep deprivation from symptoms = misdiagnosis of depression |
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Factors about sexual activity in middle adulthood
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- they remain sexually active, but frequency declines
- decline related to demands from other roles (work, parenthood etc), but not from hormones |
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What are the pros and cons of Hormone therapy replacement? ***
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Pros - Most of physical symptoms and effects of menopause dramatically reduced (hot flashes, irregular cycles, bone loss)
Cons - 3x increased risk for endometrial cancer in E alone replacement - combination of E+P in low doses has the same benefits as E alone and no/less increased risk for endometrial cancer - this combination decreases some other important health risks, but increase others |
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Osteoporosis****
|
- bone loss begin around 30 for both sex.
- women process is accelerated by decreasing estrogen and progesterone in menopause - major consequence is bone density is lower and increase risk for fractures, begging early as 50 for women. |
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How prevent Osteoporosis?***
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- getting enough Ca+++ during early adulthood - peak of bone mass is as robust as possible
- regular exercises - weight-bearing, walking, or strength truing throughout adult life - bone mineral density test - can identify osteoporosis long before it causes serious damage. |
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What are the risk factor for osteoporosis?***
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Race - white at higher risk
Gender - women higher risk Weight - underweight higher risk Timing of climacteric - early menopause or ovary removed at higher risk due to lack of estrogen at early ages Family history - genetic disorder Diet - low Ca++ diet during adolescence and early adulthood = low peak bone mass = greater risk of critical levels. NO consensus regarding supplementing Ca++ after post menopause. Diet high in caffeine or alcohol = higher risk Exercise - sedentary life, prolong immobility = higher risk |
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Presbyopia
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- normal loss of visual acuity with aging, especially the ability to focus on near objects
- this function deteriorates rapidly in the 40's - 50's |
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Presbycusis
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- normal loss of hearing that occur with aging, especially high-frequence or very low tones
- more slow that presbyopia - accelerates after 55 yo |
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What affects the quality of life of middle-age adults?
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- many factors
- person in good health often function and has as much energy as young adults - poor health habits and risky behaviours of earlier years affect negatively |
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What are factors/trend regarding middle-age health?
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- report more experience of aches and pains with greater frequency than when they were younger
- report be unhappy with their bodies - half of adults between 40 - 65 have either undiagnosed or diagnosed disease or disability. - life expectancy is remarkably high - rising over past few decades - Middel-aged adults have more chronic diseases and disabilities than younger - disease -related death increases |
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Cancer in Middle adulthood
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- Cancer is the leading cause of death in middle adulthood in Canada
- lifetime probability is 45% for men and 40% for women in Canada - Men 29% and women 24% more probability of dying from cancer - Lung cancer is the number one cause of death in Canada with a drop in incidence since 1980 for men and new cases of lung jumped 5x for women in past 40 years. |
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Cancer risk's***
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- share risk factors with cardiovascular diseases
- we can partially control risks - diet, exercises etc - Diet rich in fat may be a risk factor, but there is a debate - Several CA's are caused by infectious diseases such HPV, Epstein-Barr, H. pylori, HIV etc |
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
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- involve especially arteries
- atherosclerosis - narrowing of the arteries caused by deposits of fatty substances called plaque - significant arterial blockage results in a heart attack or stroke - CVD decreased by 70% between 1956 to 2002 - CVD remains a leading cause of death among middle-aged adults in Canada - 20% of all deaths between 45 - 54 and 24% among 55- 64yo |
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CVD risks
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- Framingham Heart Study - identified characteristics that predicted CVD?????????????????????
- large % of Canadians have CDV risk factors - 1/3 of Canadians > 20yo have at least 3 risk factors - risk factors are cumulative, not just additive: high cholesterol is the most serious for a diabetic than non-diabetic. the risk factors are: neuroticism, depression, personality type, pattern, obesity, metabolic disease, DM, sedentarism, diet |
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What are the personality type risk related to CVD's? ***
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Type A pattern has the greater risk
- it includes competitive achievement striving, as sense of time urgency, and sometimes hostility or aggressiveness - hostility produce even higher risk - Type D patter = chronic pattern of emotional distress combined with a tendency to suppress negative emotions = higher risk of death following heart attack - Neuroticism and depression are more predictive than hostility. |
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What is the difference of health by gender in middle-adulthood?
|
- women = higher life expectancy, but more chronic diseases
- men die younger, but healthier while alive - men die 3x more of heart attack between ages of 45 - 54 - men more likely to die of CVD - women's heart cope better with the same level of disease - women more likely to suffer from nonfatal chronic illness like arthritis |
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Facts regarding mental health
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•Canadian men and women report improved mental health with increasing age
•Self-esteem reportedly peaks between the ages of 35 to 54 • •About two-thirds of adults diagnosed with serious mental disorders in early adulthood continue to have difficulties in middle age •Though most addictive disorders begin in adolescence or early adulthood, they frequently go undiagnosed until they become problematic in middle adulthood |
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Alcohol use disorders
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–Canadian men are more likely to be regular heavy drinkers than women (5 or more drink at least once/month)
–The rate of heavy regular drinking peaks during young adulthood, begins to decline between 34 and 44, and then continues to decline –Neurological deficits among alcoholics include problems with memory and language –Alcoholics have increased risk for diseases of many systems (cardiovascular, digestive, immune, muscular, reproductive) and for death • among middle age |
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NancyDenney proposes that changes with age on nearly any measure of _______ or __________ functioning follow a typical curve
•Unexercisedabilities will generally have a _______ peak level of performance; exercisedabilities will generally have a _________ peak •Anyskill (physical or mental) that is not fully exercised can be ________ , even inold age, if the individual begins to _________ that ability •Withincreasing age a __________ of functioning requires more and more effort, untileventually every adult reaches a point at which even maximum effort will nolonger maintain _______ function •Selective___________ with _______________: the process of balancing the gains and lossesassociated with aging |
physical or cognitive
lower higher improved exercise high level peak optimization/ compensation |
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Denny's model of aging Performance
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suggests both a basic decay curve and a fairly gap n=between actual level of performance on exercised and unexercised abilities
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Why it is often difficult to separate the effects of primary and secondary aging?
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because they happens at the same time
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•Thosewith some kind of CVD show ______ and ______ declines on ____________ teststhan healthy counterparts
•Exercisemay be one of the critical factors in determining an individual person'soverall _________ health and ___________ performance during middle adulthood •Amongphysically healthy middle-aged and older adults, those who are more physicallyactive have _________ ___________ on tests___________, _____________ ___________, and ___________ memory •Exerciseis linked to __________ levels of disease and ________ longevity |
earlier and larger
intellectual physical cognitive higher scores/ reasoning, reaction time, and short-term memory lower /greater |
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•Majordeficits in memory and cognition do _________ until between ages 60 to 65
Thesubjective experience of forgetfulness increases with age–Memorydemands of middle-aged adults' everyday lives are greater than for those ofyoung adults |
not occur
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•Memory Function....
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The subjective experience of forgetfulness increases with age
–Memory demands of middle-aged adults' everyday lives are greater than for those of young adults |
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MemoryFunction changes in middle-adulthood
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–Visual memory declines in middle age –Memory for auditory stimuli seems to remain stable throughout adulthood –Performance on more complex tasks declines with age, but usually not until after about age 55 –Recognition of words and texts appears to remain stable throughout adulthood –Short term (working) memory capacity stays stable throughout adulthood, but the ability to use this capacity efficiently changes |
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What is episodic memory?
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the ability to re-experince personal events
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What is semantic memory?
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general knowledge of the world, facts, and the meaning of words
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Episodic memory ______ with age, but _______ not
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slows
semantic |
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Middle-agedadults are very proficient at _________ ___________ memory limitations by using___________ or __________, to help themselves remember information; they believe theirefforts will make a difference, so they actively work to improve their memories
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overcoming episodic
reminders, or cues |
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•Use It or Lose It rule
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–Mostadults maintain or gain in skills on any task practiced often orthat is based on specific learning
–Verbalabilities increase and do not begin to decline until about age 65 –Adultswho engage in intellectually challenging activities show fewer losses incognitive skills –Expertise in a particular field helps tocompensate for age-related deficits in cognitive functioning (university helps) |
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New Learning rule
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–Middle-agedadults outperform those who are younger on tasks that involve comprehending andremembering reading material
–Youngeradults focus on details; middle-aged adults pay more attention to overarching themes than todetails –As weage, we may not attempt to encode as much detail but may store more summarizinginformation |
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Creativity
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- Simontonidentified that at the age of 40, inevery scientific discipline represented, the thinkers produced their best work
•Amongmusicians or other artists, peak creativity may occur later or be maintainedfa longer |
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What is creativity?
|
•Creativity is a type of thought process called divergent thinking which provides multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answers
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Middle adulthood is commonly seen as thetime when people are best ____________, and ___________ to manage the weighty demandsassociated with positions of authority and responsibility
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able, developmentally
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What is the stage of Erikson's that correspond to middle age?
|
Generativityversus stagnation stage
Its says that middle-agedadults find meaning in contributing to the development of younger individuals
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what is Generativity?
|
Is a sense that one is making a valuable contribution to society by bringing up children or mentoring younger people (teaching, mentoring, leading in civic, religious or charitable organizations)
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Generativityis __________ related to mental health at this age, and is a more prominenttheme for_________ than __________
–Theway a man had responded earlier to his childlessness was predictive of his___________ health at age 47 –Rearingone’s own or another’s child who calls forth one’s nurturing qualities may beimportant for ___________ growth |
positively
women/ for men psychological psychological |
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Vaillant’sRevision of Erikson’s Theory
|
– Vaillant argued that there is a stage between intimacy and generativity called career consolidation
–The outcome of this phase is the creation of a new social network for which the middle-aged adult’s primary work serves as a hub –Following generativity versus stagnation is another stage called keeper of the meaning; |
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What the stage Keerper of the meaning means?
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- middle-aged adults focus on preserving the institutions and values of their culture that they believe will benefit future generations
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What is mid-life crisis?
|
Coined in the 60's
Is the midway between school and death, when a person's perspective has shifted from "time since birth" to "time left before death" |
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What triggers the mid-life crisis?
|
Therealization of the inevitability of death, along with other indicators of timepassing, seemed to be a universal phenomenon that hit people during their 40s
•Now,however, the timingand nature of major life events have changed dramatically I stye •Severalstudies since the 1980s have failed to identify distinct ages atwhich measuresof “mid-life crisis” occurred |
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What is the life event approach?
|
A way of coping, atheoretical perspective on middle adulthood that focuses on normative andnon-normative events and how adults in this age group respond to them
Allmiddle-aged adults are dealing with new stressors for which they must developnew ways of coping |
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What's role conflict?
|
Is any situation in which 2 or more roles are at least partially incompatible, either because they call for different behaviours or because theirs separate demands add up to more hours than there are in the day
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What's role strain?
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The strain experienced by an individual whose own qualities or skills do not measure up to demands of some role
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Family roles are still important part of life in middle adulthood, but these roles ....
|
change significantly during this period of life
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Marital__________ and ____________ increase in mid-life as conflicts over child-rearingand other matters decline
•Sharedfriendships ___________, while non-shared friendships___________ |
stability and satisfaction
increase/ decrease |
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What is skilled diplomacy?
|
a problem-solving approach that involves the combination of the spouse about an issue, followed by a period during which the confronting spouse works to restore harmony.
- is practiced more often by wives than husbands - appears to be an effective skill for marital problem-solving not matter who uses it |
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Aresult of the extended life expectancy, adults are likely to spend manymore years with both ___________ and ____________ family relationships
•Thefamily role involves not only maximum amounts of _____________ given in bothdirections in the generational chain, but also the maximum ___________ formaintaining _________ ___________, producing what is sometimescalled the mid-life "__________," or the "__________________"
|
upward and downward
assistance /responsibility/ affectional bonds squeeze/ sandwich generation |
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What is a characteristic of the Squeeze or sandwich generation?
|
their are between ages 40 and 65 and they give more than they receive in both directions in the family lineage—to adult children and to aging parents
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Empty nest syndrome
|
- depends on a person's age when the last child is born
- those who delay child bearing push the empty nest to a later age - patter in Canadian society - Role of parent does not cease - women are more likely to describe the departure of the last kid as positive than negative |
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What the positive aspect of the Empty nest period?
|
Adults have more time for spousal roles, which contributes to the higher reported marital satisfaction in this stage of family life
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What is the Revolving door?
|
It's when adult children return to their parent's home and conflicts are common:
- |
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What are the consequences of revolving door phenomena?
|
1. Parents and children report inadequate privacy
2. Parent's sense of obligation to children leads them to delay pursuit of their own goals. - but despite of some conflict between the new tasks and roles, more than half of parents are happy with the arrangement. |
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Why is there ran increase in the revolving door phenomena?
|
The percentage of adult children living with parents is increasing due to:
1. financial difficulties (unemployed or schooling) 2. delayed marriage 3. rise in the divorce rate |
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Morethan half of Canadian adults become “__________________” by the end of middleadulthood
Mostgrandparents see or talk to their grandchildren regularly and describe therelationships as _______ and ________ Warmrelationships with grandparents have a positive impact on children's_____________ Grandparentsseem to be an especially important source of _________ in the lives of childrenof ___________ parents |
grandparents
warm and loving development stability/ divorced |
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What are the styles of grand-parenting?
|
Remote relationships: grandparents do not see grandchildren
Companionate relationships: grandparents have frequent contact and warm interactions Involved relationships: grandpa's are directly involved in the everyday care of the grandchildren or have close emotional ties with them. |
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What are another roles of middle-adults?
|
- caring for aging parents - powerful effect on overall life satisfaction
- great majority of adults feel responsibilities to care for aging parents - 1 in 5 Canadians provides care for a senior in their families, and 1/4 aged 45-54 provide the greatest proportion of unpaid care for elderly parents in Canada |
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Caregiver burden?
|
A term for culmulative negative effete of caring for an elderly or disable person.
|
|
|
What are the options for caring for aging parents in Canada?
|
-in home care (private and public funded)
- independent-supportive living - eg. full-service residences or apartments - retirement homes - nursing homes - palliative care and hospice care facilities |
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Friends
|
number is lower than young adulthood, but more intimate and close
since role conflict are lower, need for social network and for emotional support may be lower friendship depends less on frequent contact than on a sense that friends are there to provide support as needed |
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Big 5 traits personality
|
- conscientiousness
- agreeableness - neuroticism - openness - extraversion - stable from childhood |
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What are the subtle age-related changes in the 5 factors across the years of adulthood?***
|
- Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism decline as adult ages
- Agreeableness increases up until around 70 and conscientiousness increases as well |
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|
manyindividuals, particularly women, become less _____________ over time
Tolerancefor ________ ___________ and __________ decline with age Stabilityis the general pattern, but the increased variability in personality that istypically found among middle-aged and older adults suggests that ________ isclearly possible Personalityis an important contributor to middle-aged adults’ capacity for ________ ____________ |
negative
risk-taking and impulsivity change managing stress |
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Career at mid-life
|
Work satisfaction is at peak despite the fact that most adults receive few work promotions
quality of work performance remains high, despite declines in some cognitive or physical skills |
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Burnout
|
lack of energy, exhaustion, and pessimism that results from chronic stress
|
|
|
Middle-aged workers who have avoided _________ in high-stress professions are those who have learned to ____ themselves and to rely less on ______ ________ of job satisfaction
Job satisfaction _________ _______ ____ ________ _______ ___________ is typically at its peak in the middle years |
burnout /pace/ external sources
combined with a sense of power and control in the job |
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Women worry much more than men about the effects of ________ __________ on their careeradvancement
Menand women cite the same sources of work dissatisfaction in middle age: –_______ __________, __________ ________________, __________ __________ and ____________ of __________ one's job. |
having children
time pressure, difficult co-workers, boring tasks, and fear of losing one’s job |
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Job performance remains ______ throughout the middle years of adulthood unless _______ ___________ or _________ ________ __________ are critical elements
Selective__________ with compensation helps maintain productivity |
high/ physical strength or speedy reaction time
optimization / compensation |
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Selection
|
involves narrowing one;s range of activities, by focusing on only the most central tasks, delegating more responsibilities to other or giving up or reducing peripheral job activities
|
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Optimization
|
Involves the deliberate "exercise" of crucial abilities, so as to remains as close to maximum skill as possible
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Compensation
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Involves pragmatic strategies for overcomingspecific obstacles, such as getting stronger glasses or hearing aids, ordevising ways to reduce memory loads with systematic list-making
|
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Careerchanges, common in today’s job market, can be more ________ for middle agedpeople, because employers tend to favour yonder ppl as new employees.
|
difficult
|
|
|
Middle age adults who experience Involuntary career changers
|
–tend to experience more mental health disorders and physical illness (including higher levels of mortality)
+ Financial stress and deterioration in marital relations are direct and indirect causes The Level of impact is related to coping skills and strength of supportive relationships Reemployment reverses these trends |
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Voluntary career changers leave onecareer to pursue another for a variety of internal reasons, such as finding anew job that is more ________
The tendency to change careers may have a_________ basis Such changes are a __________ of____________ Voluntarychangers have a higher ______ _________ Changecan still be _________ , resulting in the same effects noted in _________ changers |
fulfilling
genetic by-product/ personality risk tolerance stressful involuntary |
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Manymiddle-aged adults begin to prepare for _____________ , often as early as ___ yearsbefore their anticipated date
Oneaspect of preparation is a ________ _______ in workload Retirementis a relatively _____ phenomenon Behavioursof current retirees may differ widely from those currently preparing forretirement |
retirement/ 15
gradual reduction new |
|
|
What are the retirement preparations of the Baby Boomers?
|
The expected length of retirement is far longer than that of earlier generations, 20 years or more
–Most expect to continue a relatively high standard of living, but do not expect Old Age Security or Canada Pension Plan to meet their lifestyle needs –Most Baby Boomers expect to work at least part-time during their retirement –Baby Boomers have devoted much thought to what they would like to do during their retirement years but few have devoted as much energy to preparing for the financial aspects of retirement - Boomers are predicted to be the healthiest, best-educated and longest-living retirees in history |
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Gerontology
|
The scientific study of aging
|
|
|
Current thought's about late adulthood
|
its rather a period of individual variability, than universal decline.
|
|
|
Life expectancy in Late adulthood
|
Increases as adults gets older
- 65 yo man is likely to live to be 84, and an 80 to be 93 (+ 3 for women). _ a male baby born in 2009 is expected to live 78.8 years and a female 83.3. |
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|
Sub-groups of late adults are...
|
–Young-old(60 to 75)
–Old-old(75 to 85) –Oldest-old(85 and up) (fastest-growing group) |
|
|
Thesubgroup of the elderly who are ______ years old or older is growing at a morerapid rate than any other segment of the population
|
100
with women being the overwhelming majority |
|
|
Theories of Biological Aging
|
Hayflick limit: species are subject to a genetically programmed time limit after which cells no longer have any capacity to replicate themselves accurately.
Telomere: string of repetitive DNA at the end of each chromosome in the body that appears to serve was a kind of timekeeping mechanism. The amount of telomeres decreases each time a cells divides. I there is a crucial number of telemeters, disease or death may come quickly once that number is passed Genetically Programmed Senescence: age-related declines are the resultof species-specific genes for aging Repair of Genetic Material andCross-Linking: the organism’s inability to repairbreaks in DNA strands results in a loss of cellular function, leading to aging. The formation of undesirable bondsbetween proteins or fats results in decreased cell function. |
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What's maximum life span according to the Biological theories?
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120 years
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Biological aging theory Free radicals |
Free radicals are molecules or atoms that possessan unpaired electron. They occur naturally as a result ofmetabolism and participate in harmful chemicalreactions that cause irreparable cell damage that accumulates over tim.
Some foods may promote the creationof free radicals (fats, food preservatives) and some foods may defend against them(antioxidants such as Vitamins C, E, A). |
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Biological theories |
It's thehypothesis that mental and physical functioning decline drastically only in thefew years immediately preceding death. Mostdeclines are gradual and onlychanges in IQ and other cognitive measures seem to fit the terminal droppattern.
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How do late adults rate their health?
|
- They regard their health ad good or excellent ) all 3 subgroups)
- Poor health is proportionately higher than in younger groups = fair or poor health is self-reported by 32% of those over 75 yo - Health is the single largest factor determining the trajectory of an adult's physical or mental status over 65 yo. - An optimistic view helps seniors recover better from illness such stoke - Chronic illness at 67 yo is predictive of note rapid decline later in life |
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What are the factors limiting activities?
|
Functional status - a measure of an individual's ability to perform certain roes and tasks, particularly self-helptasks and other chores of daily living
- arthritis and hypertension are most likely to contribute to somefunctional disability in late adulthood |
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–Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):
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self-help tasks such as bathing, dressing, and using the toilet
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Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs):
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more complex daily living tasks such as doing housework, cooking, and managing
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–Theproportion of older adults with disabilities increases with.....
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age
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Frailelderly
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Seniors whose physical and/or mental impairments are so extensive that they cannot care for themselves
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Somegeneral tendency toward longevity is clearly ________
Identicaltwins are more similar in ______ of life than are fraternal twins Adultswhose parents and grandparents were ____________ are also more likely to livelonger |
inherited
length long-lived |
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Thesame health habits such as_______, ___________, are important now as in earlier year and predict ______ _____ risk.
–Smoking_________ longevity: a65-year-old male smoker can expect to live 6 years less than a non-smoker anda female smoker will live 8.5 years less –Smokersare also more likely to suffer disease-related _________ — by age 65 more thanhalf of all smokers will have a disability (compared to one-third ofnon-smokers) |
Smoking, low levels of physical activity, significant under or overweight /predict increased death risk
limits disabilities |
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Physicalexercise is clearly linked to _____ ________ and lower rates of diseasessuch as h__________, _____________, ____________, ____________, ___________, and _____________
Physicalexercise is even more important in later years than in _______ because it improvesstrength and ________ skills after only 12 weeks of exercise Thosewho exercise lose less ________ over a 30-year period than did those who do notexercise |
greater longevity
heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, and arthritis youth motor height |
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Asmuch as half of the decline in physical (and perhaps cognitive) function can beprevented through improved _________ , especially ________
Still,only _____ % of older adults are active enough to see these benefits Canada’sPhysical Activity Guide recommends ____ to ______ minutes of exercise daily, whichcan be accumulated in segments of _____ minutes or longer –Obesityin this age group is_______ (19% for men, 27% for women) |
lifestyle/exercise
27% 30 to 60/10 rising |
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Four main changes occur in the brain of older adults
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1. reduction of brain weight
2. loss of grey matter 3. decline in the density of dendrites 4. slower synaptic speed |
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•Loss of dendrites is not only primary aging, but is linked to ___________ : less cerebral cortex atrophy occurs in those with more ________
•Loss of dendrites results in _______ _________ _______, and therefore slowing in _______ time •Synaptic_______ cannot make up for the loss of dendrites |
education/education
slowing synaptic speed/reaction plasticity |
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The great loss of neurons is compensated by ___________ in the nervous system.
Whensignificant interconnectivity is lost, which occurs as ________ shrink innumber, "___________ power" declines and symptoms of old age appear Althoughnew neurons continue to be produced in adulthood, the effects of this__________ are not known |
redundancies
dendrites/computational regeneration |
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Presbyopia (farsightedness)i__________
An enlarged "______ spot"on the retina _______ field of vision The pupil does not _______ or _______ as much or as quickly, resulting in more difficulty seeing at _______ andresponding to rapid changes in _________. Diseases of the eye (in a minorityof people), such as _______, ________, and __________ _________ furtherdiminish visual acuity and adaptability Younger people cope _________ withchanges in vision Vision loss has a _______ impact onan elderly person’s sense of well-being |
increases
blind /reduces widen or narrow night/brightness cataracts, glaucoma or macular degeneration, better greater |
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Presbycusis isn’t usually f_________ limitinguntil late adulthood
Men lose more ________ than womendo, likely due to more ____________ exposure The ability to hear _____-frequencysounds (part of human speech) is diminished Word discrimination becomesproblematic, especially under _______ conditions ___________, a persistent ringing inthe ears, increases Severe hearing loss is associatedwith _______ and ________ problems Physical changes in the_____ contribute to problems |
Functionally
hearing/occupational high noisy Tinnitus social and psychological ear |
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Theability to _______ the ______ basic flavours does not seem to decline over theyears of adulthood
Changes in the taste system that do affect taste: less________ , flavoursseem _______, but this may be a result of a loss of the sense of _______ Thesense of _______ clearly deteriorates in old age Lossof smell/taste can result in________ problems Aloss of sensitivity to _____, ______ and _______ can have safety implications |
taste/four
saliva/blander/smell smell nutrition touch, cold and heat |
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_______ _________ is thebiggest single behavioural aspect of aging
Dendriticchanges result in synaptic __________ _________ diseases affect the joints and muscles Generalslowing of brain __________ interferes with older adults’ _______ of theknowledge needed to accomplish tasks Morecar accidents per km occur, due to: __________, _______ _______ ______ and _______ ___ ______ , _____ ___ ____ ______ ofoncoming traffic, increased reaction time Slower_______ time can lead to burns |
General slowing
slowing Arthritic Activity retrieval Stiffness, decreased night vision and adjustment to glare, inability to judge speed reaction |
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Sleeping and Eating Patterns
|
Morefrequent awakening occurs after age 65
(REM)sleep is decreased Morelikely to wake early in the morning and go to bed early at night Daytimenaps compensate for early rising Impaired satiety may result in a constantfeeling of hunger that may cause overeating and someadults cope with this by adopting a rigid eating schedule |
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Motor Functions
|
–Reductionin stamina, dexterity, and balance
–Olderadults fall more often, and because of osteoporosis, such falls more oftenresult in fractures –Problemswith fine-motor movements increase, and new skills, such as computer skills,are very difficult to learn |
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Sexual activity
|
–declinesfrom middle adulthood to late adulthood for many reasons
•Decreasingtestosterone in men •Stateof overall health Medicationside effects •Stereotyping •More than 70% of adults continue to besexually active in old age• |
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Dementia
|
a neurological disorder involving problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual’s emotional, social, and physical functioning
• is the leading cause of institutionalization of the elderly in Canada, especially women •Depression is also a concern in the late adult years |
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_______ ’sdisease is the most common cause of dementia
•Othercauses include _________ illnesses, __________, ______ __________, and ________ intoxications; little ofthe cognitive impairment associated with these is reversible•Amajority of seniors, even among those over 85, do not suffer from cognitiveimpairments |
Alzheimer's
intercurrent infections, metabolic disturbances and drug |
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Variations in_____ hormones are related tovariations in ________ performance in men and women with dementia. This relationship between hormones andcognition is not understood
–Givingwomen hormone replacement therapy does not i________ their cognitive functioning –Hormonereplacement therapy may _______ the chance of serious cognitive dysfunction |
sex /cognitive
improve increase |
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Alzheimer’s disease
|
A very severe form of dementia
The early onset is slow, with subtle memory difficulties and repetitive conversation, and disorientation in unfamiliar settings Memory for recent events goes next, but memory for long-ago events and well-rehearsed cognitive tasks are retained until late in the illness (they can be accessed by many alternative neural pathways) –Eventually failure to recognize family members, inability to communicate, and inability to perform self-care occurs |
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Changes in ________ regulation mayresult in significant overeating in ppl with Alzheimer's.
Facial expressions and emotions ofothers are _______ to process Some cannot control their own_______, and display sudden bursts of _____ or _______ or become excessivelydependent As many as 40% may be _______ |
appetite
difficult emotions anger or rage, depressed |
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How Diagnose and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease?
|
–Definitive diagnosis can only occur after death
–Neurofibrillary tangles, surrounded by plaques, are more likely than in other dementias –Since normal aging affects memory, it is difficult to recognize early Alzheimer’s –Mild cognitive impairment may be a better predictor –Medication to increase neurotransmitters seems to slow the disease’s progress –Strategies such as making notes can help improve some memory tasks |
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_________ factors seem to be important to some, but not to all, cases of Alzheimer’s
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Genetic
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What are other type of dementia?
|
•Other Types of Dementia –Small strokes may cause multi-infarct dementia •While the brain damage is irreversible, therapy can improve the patient’s functioning –Multiple causes exist (see notes) and about 10% are reversible with treatment, so careful diagnosis is necessary
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What are other type of dementia?
|
–Small strokes may cause multi-infarct dementia
•While the brain damage is irreversible, therapy can improve the patient’s functioning –Multiple causes exist (??????????) and about 10% are reversible with treatment, so careful diagnosis is necessary |
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Incidence of Alzheimer’s and OtherDementias:
|
–2 to 8% of all adults over age 65 show significant symptoms of dementia
–Almost 2/3 of those with dementia have Alzheimer's disease –The rate of dementia rises rapidly among people in their 70s and 80s –11% of adults over 75 and 34.5% of adults over 85 have moderate to severe symptoms of dementia |
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At least a few years with some kind of disability or chronic disease
•Aboutthe same number of older Canadian women and men between ______ and ____ yo (approx. 2% each) require institutional carein any given year, but far more________ in the old-old group areinstitutionalized
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65 and 74
women |
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Factors most closely associated with institutionalization
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– odds of living in an institution increase directly with age
– being seniors with a serious cognitive impairment –having uncorrected visual impairment –low or lower-middle household income – incidence is higher for those who self reported fair or poor health were •In Canada there is a growing need to create alternatives to institutionalization, such as community support and home care |
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Depression
|
issue in the elderly
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Diagnosis, Definitions and Prevalence of Depression in elderly ***
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Signs of depression in older adults may be dismissed as old-age “grumpiness” by family members (ageism)
often left untreated by health professionals Depression can be mistaken for dementia because both share symptoms of confusion and memory loss |
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Mental health is relatively poor in early adulthood and slowly ______ with age.
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improves
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Depressedmood
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also called Geriatric dysthymia, may be mistaken for clinical depression
–Geriatric dysthymia does not usually progress to clinical depression and is related to life stresses –Clinical depression is less common, but when it occurs, problems are of long duration and are severe enough to interfere with the ability to carry out normal activities |
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Riskfactors for depression and dysthymia (8)
|
1. Inadequate social support
2. Inadequate income 3. Emotional loss 4. Nagging health problems 5. Health status is the strongest predictor 6. Gender (2x more women) 7. Poverty 8. Education—poorly educated older adults are more likely to be depressed |
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What is the stronger predictor of depression and dysthymia?
|
Health status
•the more disabling conditions older adults have, the more depressive symptoms they have |
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Suicide rates in elderly
|
–Suiciderates for all ages have increased almost 75% since the 1950s
–ElderlyCanadians’ suicide rate is now slightly below the national average –Womenin Canada have higher depression rates, but elderly men are more than 5 timesas likely to commit suicide, perhaps becausethey tend to have several risk factors at once, more troubled by economic stress•Mendo not adjust as well as women to the death of a spouse•Menare more successful in suicide attempts |
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Rx for depression
|
Psychotherapy,especially interventions to develop optimistic thought patterns
–Antidepressantsare useful, but may interfere with other life-sustaining drugs•Theysignificantly increase the risk of falls |
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Prevention of Depression in elderly
|
Helpolder adults improve their health
–Provideopportunities for social involvement, especially participation in activitieswith children –Spiritual support |
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Amongthe young-old (___________), cognitive changes are still fairly _______
Butthe old-old and the oldest-old show average _______ on virtually all measuresof intellectual skill, with the _______ declines evident on _____ or _______ abilities |
aged 60-75/small
declines/intellectual /largest speed /unexercised |
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ShortTerm Memory Function
|
–Themore demands on working memory (short termmemory), the larger the decline with age
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–Younger adults outperform older adults on __________ memory tasks (remembering something that has happened recently)
–Older adults outperform younger adults on _________ memory tasks in a natural setting, such as their home (remembering an event in the future, like a doctor’s appointment) •Older adults under-perform on such tasks when in a controlled laboratory setting where there are no ________ memory cues, such as a calendar or reminder note |
retrospective
prospective external
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•Strategy Learning
|
–The learning process takes longer for older adults; however, when allowed more time, older adults' performance was more similar to that of younger participants
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•Everyday Memory
|
–On virtually all "everyday" tasks older adults recall less well than younger adults –Task-specific prior knowledge gives the elderly some recall advantage
|
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•Preliminary Explanations
|
–Age-related memory decline is associated with changes in the ratio of grey to white matter in the brain –Older adults take longer to register some new piece of information, encode it, and retrieve it
|
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|
•Mental Exercise
–Olderadults who challenge themselves with complex mental activities can _____ oreven r______ the normal decline in brain mass that is part of ________ aging –Some___________ or better maintenance of ______________ skills results from an"_________" and intellectually active lifestyle |
delay/ reverse/ primary
enhancement/ intellectual / engaged |
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•Wisdom:
|
a hypothesized cognitive characteristic of older adults that includes accumulated knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to practical problems of living
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Performance on wisdom tasks does not _______ with age
The ________ of accessing wisdom-related knowledge remains ________ across adulthood |
decline
speed/ constant |
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•Cohen’s four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity ......
|
describes the potential for creative work through adulthood
–re-evaluation phase –liberation phase –summing-up phase –encore phase |
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What's the stage of Erikon's theory related to late adulthood?
|
Ego integrity versus despair stage: thelast of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, in which older adults must achieve asense of satisfaction with their lives
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What's Ego integrity?
|
thefeeling that one’s life has been worthwhile
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What's Reminiscence?
|
is reflecting on past experience;
is a positive emotional experience for older adults that is often seen as a way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals |
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Life review
|
an evaluative process in which elders make judgments about past behaviour
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Olderadults maintain high levels of performance by _________ on their strengths and________ for weaknesses
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focusing
compensating |
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Activity theory
|
Is the idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible
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|
Disengagement theory
|
Is the theory that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree
|
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|
3 Aspects of the disengagement theory
|
–Shrinkageof life space
–Increasedindividuality –Acceptanceof these changes |
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What is the most controversial aspect of disengagement theory? why?
|
Is the 3rd (acceptance of changes), because it implies a personality change.
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Continuity theory
|
The idea that older adults adapt life-long interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging
|
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Individual differences =
Differences in a variety of ________ are related to overall_____ of _____ as well as to ________ Individualdifferences in reliance on ________ beliefs and _______ as sources ofsupport are also correlated with _____-_______ in late adulthood |
= contribute to the experiences of older adults
behaviours quality of life/ longevity religious/institutions/ well-being |
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What are the 5 components of successful aging?
|
–Goodphysical health
–Theretention of mental abilities –Acontinuing engagement in social and productive activities - especially helping others - Additional aspect = individual'ssubjective sense of life satisfaction - they must learn how to adjust expectations such high satisfaction. - Productivity = volunteering activities help achieve productive pursuits |
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Successful aging is referred to as....
|
a paradigm because it presents patterns for or examples of such aging.
|
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willingnessto engage in the sometimes painful process of rehabilitation after disease significantlyaffects his degree of ________
Thosewho believe they can achieve rehabilitation goals are most ________ toparticipate, and most likely to __________ |
recovery
motivated succeed |
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Strategies to retain cognitive abilities
|
- education = educated individuals show least decline
- verbal intelligence and education = related to physical health and social engagement - avoidance to learn = contribute to decline - New Learning - helps establish new connections (synapses) = more protection from aging deterioration to the brain - Cognitive Adventurousness - willingness to learn new things contribute to successful aging |
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SocialEngagement
|
Promotes higher life satisfaction as reported by those who have greater contact with family and friends
Contributes to successful aging because it provides opportunities for older adults to give support and to receive –Even when elderly adults have significant disabilities, many are still oriented toward helping others and feel more satisfied with their lives when they can do so |
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Productivity
|
People who volunteer = happier and healthier in their elder years
–Canadians aged 65 to 74 clocked the highest number of annual volunteer hours of any age group (234 hours), with those over 75 a close second (218 hours) •Other types of productivity (art and music lessons, academic classes, etc.) add purpose to life, improve interaction with peers, provide a sense of competence —all of which helps elders stay healthy |
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Lifesatisfaction
|
–Asense of personal well-being is an important component of successful aging
–Perceivedadequacy of social support and adequacy of income are critical, andare more important than objective measures of the same things –Self-ratingsof health may be the most significant predictors of life satisfaction andmorale –Animportant self-protective psychological device is the tendency to see others asworse off |
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Criticisms of the Successful AgingParadigm
|
– Give the erroneous impression that all the effects of aging are under one's control
–An emphasis on successful aging may cause public and institutional support for disease-related research to decline –Critics concede its influence has been largely positive but suggest there is a need to balance the optimism of the successful aging paradigm against the realities of life in late adulthood |
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_______ coping is often cited as the primary means of managing stress
Canadianwomen make more use of _______ coping than men do, but the effects seem to bethe same for _______ Seniors who place a great deal ofemphasis on ______ ________ worry much less than those who do not Religious seniors are more likely to view old age as a _______ in an ongoing storyrather than as a ______ of _______ of capacities |
Religious
religious both sexes religious faith chapter period of loss |
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|
Acrossall ages, _______ _________ attend religious services more regularly than men
Religiousattendance is _______ among seniors Canadianadults who regularly attend such services are more_________, _________, ________, _______ _________ and they verysatisfied with their lives they are less________ than their non-attending peers Thereis a _________ between the sense of _______ and the sense of ______-being _________ is lowest among religious participants P ___________ has many benefits, including opportunity to help others and ______________ involvement |
adult women
highest optimistic, physically healthier, live longer stressed connection/ belonging / well Mortality Participation /intergenerational |
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Selectioneffects may explain some of the benefits of ________ ________
E___________,likely present in those who are active religious participants, is linked to______ ________ The________ and personal nature of the beliefs (whether or not they have areligious focus) or the sense of continuity of identity may explain thecorrelations with successful aging –Theresearch evidence suggests that _______ ______ __________ needs of the elderlymay be just as important to maintaining their health and functioning as meetingtheir physical and material needs |
Religious coping Extroversionsuccessful aging intensity supporting the spiritual |
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What characterize social relationships in late adulthood?
|
Consistency and change
|
|
|
P_______ and c________ changes are responsible for many of the inevitable role changesin old age
•Somerole changes are the result of ______ A____________ cues are often the basis for judgments about the competence of olderpeople. The older people look, the more_________ others stereotype them, which may result in being unjustly f________ ___ of roles by younger adults Theloss of role definition can result in isolation or alienation________ or _________ but it can alsoresult in a greater “license for___________” Olderadults feel far ______ to express their own individuality |
Physical and cognitive
ageism Appearance negatively forced out of roles isolation or alienation eccentricity freer |
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Only about 9%of women and 5% of men overage 65 live in ______-________ care institutions
Most married men will have a _______ untilthey die, but most married women will live alone for many years The percentage of married adults clearly______ in late adulthood, and this change is vastly larger and more rapid forwomen than for men In Canada, living _______ is the mostcommon choice among unmarried elders |
long-term spousedrops alone |
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|
What predicts that an single older adult will live with a child or other relatives?
|
- health
- income - adult children's characteristics - public home care and social support services availability |
|
|
If older adult is not living with spouse, the majority is living ....
|
alone
just a few lives with extended family |
|
|
7% of Canadian elders reported _______ abuse, such as _______, ________, ________, or ________ 1% reported financial _________, and 1% reportedbeing ________ or __________ violated
Maleabusers are more likely to commit _______ abuse, whereas female abusers aremore likely to _______ Over two-thirds of all the reported instances of elder abuse involve a______-_______ member or an unknown person 28% of abuse cases entail family violence, and of these cases 43% ofelderly men reported abuse by their ______ ______, while elderly womenreported being victimized equally often by their adult children (37%) as bytheir spouse (36%) |
emotional
yelling, insulting, threatening, or ignoring exploitation physically or sexually physical (provide needed aid )neglect non-family adult children |
|
|
Risk factors for Elder Abuse
|
–Mental illness or alcoholism in theabuser
–Financial dependency of the abuseron the victim –Social isolation –External stresses |
|
|
Therisk of _____ _______ _______ andinternet victimization has been increasing.
Canadians between the ages of 60-69are now the largest target of mass marketing |
mass marketing fraud
|
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|
Maritalsatisfaction is ______ in the late years, but is based more on l_______,f_______, and m______ investment in the relationship
Higherlevels of _________ and lower levels of _________ are reported Spendmore time with each other than with family or friends, and many provide aremarkable degree of care and assistance to their spouses Similarcharacteristics and effects are found in long-term _______ and ________ relationships |
higher
loyalty, familiarity, and mutual pleasure / conflict gay and lesbian |
|
|
Ratesof remarriage are higher for older _____ than for women
Olderunmarried men are also more likely to ______ and more likely to cohabit Marriedolder adults have higher life satisfaction, better health, and lower rates of_____________ Theadvantages are generally greater for married older men than for married olderwomen Marriage for older adults is p_______, while single adults over 65 have higher mortality rates, even when factors suchas poverty are controlled |
men
date institutionalization protective |
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2/3 and 3/4 of older parents saidtheir children see them at least ______ a week
Closefamily ties are maintained with ________, ___________, __-_______ Agingparents are most likely to need ________ with activities that involve physicalactivity (e.g., lifting, bending) |
once
telephone calls, letters, and e-mail support |
|
|
What are the effects of relationships of elders and their adult children?
|
Goodrelationships and regular contact = contribute to an elderlyadult's quality of life, but are not necessary
Childlesselders are just as happy and well-adjusted Friendshipsprovide more opportunity to “be yourself” Relationshipswith children involve roles and expectations that may add stress to a senior’slife |
|
|
Interactionsbetween grandchildren and grandparents are _______ to both
Contact between grandchildren and grandparents ________ as thegrandchildren become adults themselves Relationshipswith siblings may become more _______ in late adulthood, especially afterboth parents have died |
beneficial
declines important |
|
|
Friendshipsgain importance, but_______ in number
Contactwith friends has a significant impact on _____ _______, ______-_______, and __________ Relationshipswith friends are likely to be more ________ or equitable, and such equitablerelationships are more valued and less stressfulthan with family members Friendsalso provide _______ with daily tasks |
diminish
life satisfaction, self-esteem and loneliness reciprocal assistance |
|
|
men's friendships involving _______ disclosure and less intimacy than is trueamong women
Olderwomen's networks tend to be _______ and closer than those of older men Men'ssocial networks are just as important and provide them with same _________ support as women's networks do, even though men's networkstend to be smaller |
less
larger emotional |
|
|
Aremarkable capacity for ___________ marks the transition from work to retirement
Retirementage was ____(#) in Canada now is _____; mandatory retirement has been eliminated across thecountry Babyboomers who are now in their 50s expect to retire at age of _____ on average, but atleast half say they’ll ___________ at least part-time in retirement |
adaptation
65 / 62 63 continue working |
|
|
Reasons for retirement
|
•Age:–If aperson's "expected life history" includes retirement at age 55 or 65,he or she is strongly inclined to retire at that age, regardless of otherfactors
•Health:–Poorhealth creates a particularly strong push toward early retirement •FamilyConsiderations:–Thosewho are still supporting minor children retire later than do those in thepost-parental stage •Financial Support:–Thosewho anticipate pension support in addition to Canada Pension Plan (CPP) orQuebec Pension Plan (QPP), or who have personal savings to draw upon, retireearlier than do those who have no such financial backup •Work Characteristics:–Thosewho like their work and are highly work-committed, including many self-employedadults, retire later than do those who are less gratified by their work •SexDifferences: –The median age at which Canadian womenretire is about 2 years younger than the age at which men retire |
|
|
What keeps women working till later age/ postponing retirement?
|
The lure of higher earnings that will augment the woman's future pension benefits
|
|
|
Effects of retirement
|
•Income:–Retiredadults have several potential sources of income: government pensions, such asOld Age Security (OAS) and the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans (C/QPP); otherpensions, such as those offered through an employer; income from savings, suchas Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs), or other assets; and earnings from continued work.
–Onaverage, retired adults in most developed countries have incomes that areequivalent to 85-100% of pre-retirement levels |
|
|
what provides the largest retirement income now?
|
–Non-government sources now provide the largest portion of retirement income
|
|
|
Effects of retirement : poverty
|
•Poverty:–After adjusting for inflation,Canadian senior men’s income rose 21% and senior women’s by 22% between 1981and 1998
–The incidence of seniors who wereliving below Statistics Canada’s Low Income Cut-offs (LICOs are a measure ofpoverty) has fallen sharply since the early 1980s –Unattached older adults inparticular continue to be more likely to be poor compared to their peers wholive in families, and among the older unattached, women are more likely to bepoor compared to men (31% versus 20%, respectively) |
|
|
effects of retirement on health, attitudes and emotions:
|
–Retirementhas essentially no impact on health
–Forthose who do experiencing problems with retirement, the most likely reasons arepoor health, poor family finances, and marital problems – Retirement can have a positive impact on overall lifesatisfaction –Thosewho are forced to retire by poor health, or those who took special earlyretirement offers from their companies, are likely to report lower satisfactionand higher levels of stress –Negativeyoung people tend to be grumpy old people, and satisfied young adults findsatisfaction in retirement as well |
|
|
Effects of retirement on GeographicMobility = 3 types of migration after retirement
|
–Onlyabout 30% of seniors move within a 5-year period
–Amenitymove: post-retirementmove away from kin to a location that has some desirable feature, such asyear-round warm weather –Compensatory(kinship) migration: amove to a location near family or friends that happens when an elder requiresfrequent help because of a disability or disease - Institutionalmigration: amove to an institution such as a nursing home that is necessitated by adisability |
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Types of Long-Term Care homes in Canada
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•not-for-profit homes forthe aged or both not-for-profit and for-profit nursing homes
•Carein Canada now costs anywhere from a minimum of about $1000 up to thousands ofdollars per month •To beeligible for government subsidies for such care, a person must first use allhis own disposable assets, = a surviving spouse in very difficultfinancial straits •Supportivehousing: where the older person can have an individual apartment and thus liveindependently but has nurses and meal services available in the building orcomplex |
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Provincialand territorial criterias for evaluating a long-term care facility:
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–Facilityshould have required staff and equipment for your elder’s physical needs
–Checkwith authorities to see whether any complaints have been filed and what theirresolution was –Researchthe results of provincial/territorial inspections –Visitat different times to note how residents are cared for –Talkto family members of other residents –Askabout the facility’s policies for medical emergencies |
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Reasons to NOT retire
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–Somemen continue out of economic necessity –Forothers, work offers more satisfaction than retirement would Learning New Job Skills –Potentialemployers express concern about older adults’ ability to learn new job skills –Thelearning process itself does not change with age –Learningnew skills may be slower, but with appropriately paced training, older adultscan significantly improve their performance on many cognitive tasks that arerelevant to the workplace •WorkplaceFunctioning:–Foractivities other than learning new job skills, supervisors typically give olderadults higher ratings than younger adults: they view older employees as morereliable and state that the quality of work is better than that of youngeradults |
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Adults who continue working are
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Those who have never retired from their long-time occupations
Those who retired from their regular occupations and ventured into new lines of work, often part-time |
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Definefunctional status and differentiate between its two subcategories. ***
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-A measure of an individual’s ability to perform certain roles and tasks, particularly self-help tasks and other chores of daily living
1. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): self-help tasks, simple, bathing, toileting, etc. 2. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs): More complex tasks, chores, cooking, managing money |
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Name twosymptoms that arise in the early stages and later stages of Alzheimer’sdisease***
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Early stages (choose two)
- subtle memory difficulties, - repetitive conversation, - and disorientation in unfamiliar settings - then, memory for recent events starts to go Later stages (include two of the following): - May fail to recognize family members - Be unable to recall the names of common objects - Forget how to perform routine activities. - They suffer declines in their ability to communicate - And carry out daily self- care routines. - They have difficulty processing information about others emotions such as facial expressions. - The may have sudden outbursts of anger. - May experience an increase in clinginess or dependency towards family members. - There are also higher incidences of depression |
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List andbriefly describe 3 Theories related to Personality and Social changes in olderadulthood. ***
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1. Erikson’s Ego Integrity vs. Despair Stage: involvesasking if one’s life has been well-lived. Includes acceptance of opportunitiesgained and lost, and acceptance of approach of death.
2. Activity Theory: suggests that the optimal response to aging iscontinued engagement in the highest level of activity possible, whilemaintaining the greatest number of social roles possible. 3. Disengagement Theory: views diminishing number of social rolesas natural, accepts decreased social expectations as allowing moreindividuality, and expects older adults to intentionally focus inward. |
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deathis a _______ as well as a state, and physicians have different labels fordifferent aspects of this process
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process
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•Clinical death
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aperiod during which vital signs are absent but resuscitation is still possible
–Presumably, near death experiencesoccur in this state |
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•Brain death
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absence of vital signs, including brain activity; resuscitation is no longer possible
–The person is considered legally dead |
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•Social death
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the point at which family members and medical personnel treat the deceased person as a corpse
–Family and friends must begin to deal with the loss |
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•HospitalCare
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–In Canada, the majority of deaths (67%) occur in hospitals
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•Hospice Palliative Care
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–A holistic approach to care for the terminally ill that emphasizes individual and family control of the process of dying
–Death with dignity is more likely if the dying person remains at home, or in a home-like setting in which contact with family and friends is part of the daily experience |
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TheHospice Care philosophy
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•Deathshould be viewed as normal
•Thepatient and family should be encouraged to prepare for the death •Thefamily should be involved in the patient's care •Controlover care in the hands of the patient and the family •Careis aimed at satisfying the physical, emotional, spiritual, and psychosocialneeds of a person with a life-threatening or terminal condition and theirfamily •Medicalcare primarily palliative care ratherthan curative. The emphasis is on controlling pain and maximizing comfort |
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–Palliativecare
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a form of care for the terminally ill that focuses on relieving patients’ pain, rather than curing their diseases
to relieve suffering |
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How Hospice palliative care helps dying patients and their families?
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Address physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and practical issues, as well as their associated expectations, needs, hopes, and fears
•Prepare for and manage self-determined life closure and the dying process •Cope with loss and grief during illness and bereavement |
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•Caregiver Support
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–Caregivers for dying patients havea considerable burden, including a grief response
–Hospice care includes psychosocialand educational support
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–Canadian Virtual Hospice
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•enables health care professionals to interact directly with informal care providers
•provides access to a range of palliative hospice care services •brings medical expertise to the home and to rural and remote areas of Canada |
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•Preschool-age children do not understandthat
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–death is irreversible
–it comes to everyone –it means a cessation of all function •Teaching young children about the nature of biological life helps them understand what causes death and why it is irreversible •By the age of 9, most children seem to understand both the permanence and universality of death |
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•Unrealisticbeliefs about personal death appear to contribute to adolescent _______ (e.g.death is a pleasurable experience)
•Likethose of children, adolescents’ ideas about death are affected by their______ experiences –Thedeaths of relatively young public figures challenge young people's beliefs inu_______ i__________ |
suicide
personal unique invulnerability |
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What changes perception of death?
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•Experience with death (for examplein a healthcare profession) may make it less fearful
•Loss of a loved one frequentlyleads to suicidal thoughts |
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unique invulnerability
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Young adults believes thatdeath came early to other people, but won’t affect themselves
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–Deathbrings permanent _______ in families roles and social systems
–Those middle-aged and older adultswho continue to be preoccupied with the past are more likely to be _____ and ______ about death |
changes
fearful and anxious |
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Wong's six existential uncertainties around death - brings fear
or sources of dear of death |
1.The finality of death
2.The uncertainty of what follows 3.Annihilation anxiety or fear of non-existence 4.The ultimate loss 5.Fear of the pain and loneliness in dying 6.Fear of failing to complete life work |
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fear from death across adulthood |
–Middle-aged adults are most fearful of death
–In middle-age, a belief in one's own immortality begins to break down, resulting in increasing anxiety about the end of life –By late life, the inevitability of death has been accepted, and anxieties are focused on how death will actually come about –Older adults are more likely to fear the period of uncertainty before death than they are to fear death itself |
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•Religious Beliefs
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–Boththose who are deeply religious and those who are totally irreligious reportless fear of death
–Themost fearful may be those who are uncertain about or uncommitted to anyreligious or philosophical tradition –Religiousbeliefs may moderate fears of death because Deathis seen as a transition from one form of life to another •Thebelief that God exists increases with age–Leyand van Bommel: the spiritual search for meaning in ourlives is often intensified by the reality of death: an important aspect inpalliative care |
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•PersonalWorth
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–Adults who have accomplished goalsor believe they have become the person they set out to be have less fear ofdeath
–Belief that life has purpose ormeaning reduces the fear of death –Fear of death may be an aspect ofthe despair described in Ericson’s theory of ego integrity versus despair |
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Preparation for death 1
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•obtaininglife insurance or making a will, preparations that are more common as peoplemove toward late adulthood and more accepting of the inevitability of death
• adults may prepare for death through some process ofreminiscence •there may be unconscious changes that occur in the years just beforedeath that we might think of as a type of preparation |
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preparation for death 2
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•Thephysical and mental changes associated with the concept of terminal drop may beaccompanied by terminal psychological changes as well
•Liebermanet al. showed that people nearer to death became less emotional, introspective,and aggressive or assertive, and also became more conventional, docile,dependent, and warm
–People with these personalitytraits didn’t die sooner; rather, these qualities became accentuated in thoseclose to death •Sharpdeclines in life satisfaction have been found starting in the 4 years prior todeath |
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*** Kübler-Ross's Stages of Dying ***
DABDA |
•Denial: Many people confronted with aterminal diagnosis react with some form of denial, a psychological defence thatmay be useful in the early hours and days after such a diagnosis
•Anger: Anger often expresses itself inthoughts that life is not fair, but may also be expressed toward God, ortoward doctors, nurses, or familymembers •Bargaining: Thepatient in stage 3 tries to make "deals" with doctors, nurses,family, or God •Depression:When bargaining fails as a result of declining physical status, the patientsinks into depression •Acceptance: Kübler-Rossviews this depression as a necessary preparation for the final step ofacceptance, since a person must grieve for all that will be lost with death.When such grieving is finally done, the individual is ready to die |
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•Kübler-Ross'sobservations are more accurate for .....
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patients with Westernized, individualistic cultural values,
because her hypothesis was only based on this sample |
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Critics to The Stage Concept
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–not all dying patients exhibit these five emotions, let alone in a specific order
–Schneiderman suggests themes to the dying process, rather than stages –Corr suggests 4 task for the dying person •Health professionals may be able to help the dying person achieve these tasks |
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Corr’s 4 Tasks for dying person
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(1) Satisfying bodily needs and minimizingphysical stress;
(2) Maximizing psychological security, autonomy, and richnessof life; (3) Sustaining and enhancing significant interpersonal attachments; (4) Identifying, developing, or reaffirming sources of spiritual energy, andthereby fostering hope |
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•Greerclassification ( of women's attitudes three months after they were diagnosed with breastcancer)
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–Denial (positive avoidance)
–Fighting spirit –Stoic acceptance (fatalism) –Helplessness/hopelessness –Anxious preoccupation •Thosewhose initial reaction was fighting spirit were less likely to die of cancer |
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AlistairCunningham investigation on psychological self-help impact in dying cancer patients
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•Thethird of patients who became most engaged in self-help lived much longer (aboutthree times on average) than the third who were least engaged
• suffering can be lessened whilesurvival can be prolonged by psychological interventions |
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Tenof the patients with medically incurable cancers ________ their prognosis from2.2 to 12.5 years and two of the patients had complete remission of theirdisease
—those with the higher survival ratesdisplayed a much _______ degree of early involvement in their psychological______-_____ than did most of their nonsurviving peers. |
outlived
higher self-help |
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ThemesExpressed by Long-Term Survivors
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doing what is desired and valued: feeling authentic, autonomy etc
view of cancer and medical treatment: see ca and treatment as less salient, healing efforts as more important achieving mental state: feeling social harmony, or experiencing spiritual connection |
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•grieving
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the emotional response to a death that may take months or years to complete
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Psychological functions of Funerals,wakes, and other death rituals
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–help family members managetheir grief by giving them a specific set of roles to play, providing shape tothe first hours and days
– bring family members together;they can strengthen family ties, clarify the new lines of influence orauthority within a family, and pass on the flame in some way to the nextgeneration – may help survivors understandthe meaning of death itself, in part by emphasizing the meaning of the life ofthe person who has died –may give some transcendentmeaning to death itself by placing it in some philosophical or religiouscontext |
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Funerals seem to serve the _______ adaptive function for children as for adults, and most children resolve theirfeeling of grief within the _____ year after the loss
Teensmay be more likely to experience____________ grief than children or adults |
same
first prolonged |
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–Widows who have cared for spousesduring a period of illness prior to death are less likely to become __________ after the death
–A death that has ________ meaningprovides the bereaved with a sense that the death has not been ________ purpose –Sudden and violent deaths evokemore intense ______ responses –Suicideproduces unique responses among survivors •Theyexperience feelings of _____ and ______ •Theymay feel that they could have done something to ______ the suicide•Theyare less likely to discuss the loss•Suicidesurvivors may be more likely to experience long-term negative effects |
depressed
intrinsic /without grief rejection and anger prevent negative |
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–widow's Immune system functions ares_____________ somewhat immediately after the death
–Most widows return to normal by ___ yearafter the death –The immune dysfunction can last_______ obvious signs of grief –Inthe year following bereavement, the incidence of _______ among widows andwidowers rises substantially, while rates of death and disease rise onlyslightly |
suppressed
1 beyond depression |
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•Pathological Grief
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–Grief symptoms for more than 2 months following the loss of a loved one may indicate pathological grief
–Grief lasting longer than 6 months can lead to long-term depression and physical ailments such as cancer and heart disease –Problems may continue for up to 2 years after the death of the loved one –Cultural grief behaviour must be taken into account |
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Pathologicalgrief symptoms
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depression
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Sex differences responses to death
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Death of a spouse is more negative formen than for women
–Riskof death from natural causes or suicide is higher in men immediately after thedeath of spouse •Widowersfind it difficult to return to earlier levels of emotional functioning •Widowerswithdraw from social activities •Alcoholuse may play a role in higher levels of depression |
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•Preventing Long-Term Problems
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–The"talk-it-out" approach to managing grief can be helpful in preventinggrief-related depression
–Participatingin support groups helps –Developing a coherent personalnarrative of the events surrounding the spouse’s death helps manage grief –Appropriate amount of time off fromwork to grieve is important •Returning to work too soon cancontribute to illness and depression |
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–Passive euthanasia
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the withholding of life supporting interventions
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–Active euthanasia
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also called assisted suicide: hastening death by active means •
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Mercy killing
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euthanasia
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–All Canadian provinces except ______ have legislation that recognizes the directives expressed in livingwills (end of life directives)
–Living wills usually contain twoelements: |
New Brunswick
•A proxy directive (who will act for you if you cannot act for yourself) •An instruction directive (choices you have made about end-of-life care) |
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–Theonly places in the world where assisted suicide is fully and explicitly legalare the_____________, _____________, _____________, and _________ of __________.
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Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and the State of Oregon
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The‘slippery slope’ argument states that it is difficult to set limits on theprocess of approving Assisted suicide is
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•Ifassisted suicide were considered to be moral, the infirm or severely disabledmight be encouraged to end their lives
–VanBommelargues that if all dying patients’ needs were met, assisted suicide would beunnecessary –Thosewho decline medical treatment are not necessarily interested in hastening death –Terminallyill patients’ depression may play a role in their decision to request assistedsuicide |
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•Advocatesof assisted suicide note that....
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current medical technology can keep people alive long past the point where natural death would have occurred
patients who are not able to carry out their own suicide require (and should have) the help of a physician |
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Name and explain the three types of death.***
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(1) Clinical death: a period during whichvital signs are absent but resuscitation is still possible.
(2) Brain death: absence of vital signs,including brain activity; resuscitation is no longer possible. (3) Social death: the point at which familymembers and medical personnel treat the deceased as a corpse. |
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What is the difference between young adult and older adult’s perspective on time, and give an example of the loss each age group fears.***
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Older adults worry about not having enough time left in their life to completewhat they want too and what they deem important.
Young adults fear a loss ofexperiences and older adults fear that there is not enough time for them todevelop their character. |
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Name and explain three of the fiveresponses that people have in response to impending death?****
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(1) Denial: avoiding the reality of the impending death
(2) Fighting Spirit: viewing the disease as a challenge and in doing so, becoming resourceful in the pursuit of more information with an optimistic attitude (3) Stoic Acceptance: Acknowledgement of the diagnosis and deciding to either discontinue or decline treatment, while carrying on with normal life (fatalism) (4) Helplessness/Hopelessness: being overwhelmed by the impending death and thus feeling devoid of hope and unable to act (5) Anxious Preoccupation: death occupies all thoughts and so there is a strong and persistent anxiety involved, which may lead the individual to analyze all of their bodily sensations |
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Name the fours ways in which people can prepare for death? ***
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Buying life insurance, writing a will, making a living will, and advance funeral planning.
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Identifythe five stages of Kubler-Ross’s Model ***
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First stage: Denial/ Isolation: Temporary shock response to bad news. Isolation arises from people, even family members, avoiding the dying person. People can slip back into this stage when there are new developments or the person feels they can no longer cope.
Second stage: Anger: Different ways of expression o Anger at God: "Why me?" Feeling that others are more deserving. o Envy of others: Other people don't seem to care, they are enjoying life while the dying person experiences pain. Others aren't dying. o Projected on environment: Anger towards doctors, nurses, and families. Third stage: Bargaining: In this stage, people beg their "higher power" to undo the loss, saying things along the lines of, "I'll change if you bring her (or him) back to me". This phase usually involves promises of better behavior or significant life change which will be made in exchange for the reversal of the loss. Fourth stage: Depression: This is where the individual confront the inevitability and reality of the loss and their own helplessness to change it. o Reactive depression (past losses): loss of job, hobbies, mobility. o Preparatory depression (losses yet to come): dependence on family, etc. Fifth stage: Acceptance: Individual begins to come to terms with their mortality or that of their loved ones. Acceptance is without anger or depression. It consists of basically giving up and realizing that death is inevitable |
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Name any three ways in which death rituals can help family members to manage their grief. ***
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1. Giving family and friends specific rolesto play
2. Bringing family members together,sharing memories and renewing family relationships 3. Clarifying new lines of authority withina family, and “passing the torch” to the next generation 4. Helpingsurvivors understand the meaning of death, by emphasizing the meaning of thelife of the person who has died 5. Givingsome transcendent meaning to death by placing it in a philosophical orreligious context |
