Psych 100 Exam 2

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Front 2

Assumptions of Behaviorism

Back 2

Determinism
mental explantations are ineffective
power of environment ( environment is king)

Front 3

Habituation

Back 3

Decrease in the strength of a response to repeated stimuli

Front 4

Habituation: example

Back 4

if you live on a noisy street you soon learn to ignore the noise so you can sleep at night.

Front 5

Classical conditioning

Back 5

essentially pairing one stimulus with another

Front 6

Classical conditioning: example

Back 6

one stimulus (pine scent) come to elicit response (happy feeling) that original was elicited only by other stimulus (camping)

Front 7

Pavlov's Dogs

Back 7

pavlov found that when he repeatedly rung a bell when he would feed the dogs it would cause them to salivate even before he would bring out the food. he found that even i he just rang the bell the dogs would salivate. soon the effect began to wear off. he reintroduced the food recreating the response.

Front 8

UCS

Back 8

unconditioned stimulus- stimulus that creates a response.

Front 9

UCR

Back 9

Unconditioned response- the natural reflexive response elicited by the UCS

Front 10

CS

Back 10

conditioned stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that becomes associated with the UCS and elicits the same response.

Front 11

CR

Back 11

conditioned response the response that is elicited by the CR, it is identical to the UCR

Front 12

Extinction

Back 12

Process when CS (tone) is presented repeatedly W/O UCS (food)

CR (salivation) weakens and eventually disappears

Front 13

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 13

A temporary return of a extinguished response after a delay.

Front 14

Generalization

Back 14

Stimuli similar to CS elicit a CR
(similar tone will cause dogs to salivate)

Front 15

Discrimination

Back 15

Demonstrated when CR occurs to one stimulus but not others

Front 16

Little Albert

Back 16

Watson took an 11 month old and scared him.
originally not afraid of white rats.
Paired white rat with loud noise until Albert cried at white rats.
no fear of colored blocks
fear with furry white objects or santa claus mask (stimulus generalization)

Front 17

Taste Aversion

Back 17

results from eating something, it making you sick. you then pair the sickness to the food, therefor getting ill or nauseous when around or eating that food again.

Front 18

Blocking effect

Back 18

A previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to an added stimulus.

Pair light with an electric shock
rat will show fear to the light not the time
if you start the tone first the rat will not be afraid of the light.

Front 19

Operant conditioning

Back 19

The process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after a response.

Front 20

Three part contingency of Operant Conditioning

Back 20

Antecedents, behaviors, consequences

Front 21

Disequilibrium Principle

Back 21

each of us has a normal "equilibrium" state which we divide our time among various activities.
If you have a limited opportunity to engage in one of your behaviors you are in disequilibrium and an opportunity to increase that behavior will reinforcing.

Front 22

Classical conditioning

Back 22

Subjects behavior has NO effect on the outcome.
Influences visceral responses- salivation, digestion, ect.

Front 23

Different between classical and operant conditioning

Back 23

Operant you reward the behavior you want. classical you have no effect on the outcome.

Front 24

Reward

Back 24

To "reward" the desired behavior.
Example: to give a dog a treat for sitting on command

Front 25

Punishment

Back 25

To "punish" the undesired behavior.

Example: to spank a child when they misbehave.

Front 26

Reinforcement

Back 26

procedure to increase rate of a desired behavior.

Front 27

Shaping

Back 27

reinforcing successive approximations toward behavior

Front 28

Chaining

Back 28

for development of a sequence of behavior

reinforce each response w/ opportunity to perform the next response

Front 29

Primary reinforcer

Back 29

stimuli that an organism naturally finds reinforcing
- satisfying biological needs ( food, sex, ect.)

Front 30

Secondary reinforcer

Back 30

Stimuli that give you the power to acquire primary reinforcers
- money, education

Front 31

Four Reinforcement Schedules

Back 31

Positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
negative punishment

Front 32

Positive Reinforcement

Back 32

reward behavior by giving it something that is pleasing

Front 33

Negative reinforcement

Back 33

reward behavior by taking away something that is annoying or displeasing

Front 34

Positive punishment

Back 34

Punishing the behavior by giving them something that is annoying

Front 35

Negative punishment

Back 35

Punish the behavior by taking away something pleasing.

Front 36

Observational Learning

Back 36

occurs by observing the behavior of a model
- parent, teacher, peers, strangers

Front 37

Bobo Doll experiment

Back 37

the experiment where banduras took and showed a group of kids an actor beating up the doll. then put them in a room and the kids reenacted the behavior showed to them. where the control group didn't do anything with the doll presented to them.

Front 38

Banduras social cognitive theory of modeling

Back 38

Attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

Front 39

Long Term Potentiation

Back 39

strengthening of a synaptic connection, resulting in postsynaptic neurons that are more easily activated

Front 40

Meme

Back 40

A unit of cultural knowledge

Front 41

memory

Back 41

Capacity to retain and retrieve information

Front 42

Attention

Back 42

Your tendency to respond to and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time.

Front 43

Three Characters of Attention

Back 43

it is limited
it is selective
it is both overt and covert

Front 44

Change Blindness

Back 44

The failure to detect changes in parts of a scene

Front 45

Inattentional Blindness

Back 45

failure to notice unexpected and irrelevant events when people are engaged in a attention demanding task

Front 46

Parallel Processing

Back 46

Processing multiple types of information at the same time.

Front 47

The stroop effect

Back 47

the tendency to read the words instead of saying the color of the ink

Front 48

Attention bottleneck

Back 48

attention capacity is limited- you can only attend to so many things at once.

Front 49

Consolidation

Back 49

a process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long-term) memories

Front 50

The three main processes of memory

Back 50

encoding, storage, retrieval

Front 51

Encoding

Back 51

Conversion of info into a form that can be stored and retrieved

Front 52

Storage

Back 52

Retaining info over time

Front 53

retrieval

Back 53

the processes that access stored info

Front 54

Methods for testing memory

Back 54

free recall, cued recall, recognition, savings method

Front 55

explicite and implicite memories

Back 55

Explicite memories- conscious memories
implicit memories- unconscious memories

Front 56

declarative memories

Back 56

knowledge that can be declared

Front 57

episodic memories

Back 57

memory for your past personal experiences

Front 58

semantic memories

Back 58

memory for knowledge about the world