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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The four goals of psychology are: |
1. Description 2. Explanation 3. Prediction 4. Control |
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Psychology is defined as: |
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in ______,________; in the year ______. |
Leipzig, Germany; 1879 |
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Who is the founder of structuralism? |
E.B. Titchener |
No premise |
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Why is structuralism important in the history of psychology? |
It was the first formal school of thought |
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Who is the founder of functionalism? |
William James |
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Who established the first psychological laboratory? |
Wilhelm Wundt |
The father of psychology |
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What is the premise of functionalism? |
Behavior and mental processes have functions that help us adapt to our environment |
Modern school: evolutionary psychology |
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The founder of psychoanalysis is: |
Sigmund Frued |
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What is the premise of psychoanalysis? |
That there is an unconscious mind into which we repress our urges and desires |
Sub-conscious |
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The founders of behaviorism is: |
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner |
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What is the premise of behaviorism? |
That psychology is natural science that should be limited to observing behavior through stimuli and responses, excluding mental processes |
Behavior=yes; Mental processes=no |
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The 3 founders of gestalt are: |
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler |
No premise |
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Who are the 2 founders of the humanistic approach? |
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers |
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The premise of the humanistic approach is: |
That people are innately good and possess free will |
Self-awareness, experience, and choice permits us to "invent ourselves" and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life |
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Who is the founder of positive psychology? (No premise) |
Martin Seligman |
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Who was the first woman to become the president of the APA and to complete her classes for a Ph.D in psychology but was refused a degree? |
Mary Whiton Calkins |
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Which university denied Calkins a degree? |
Harvard |
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Who was the second woman president of the APA and the first to receive her Ph.D in psychology? |
Margaret Floyd Washburn |
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___________ university gave Washburn her degree. |
Cornell |
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Who was the first African American to recieve his Ph.D I'm psychology? |
Francis Cecil Sumner |
Father of African American psychology |
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___________ and _________ were the psychologists that testfied in Brown vs. Board of Education in the year _______. |
Kenneth Clark and Mami Phipps Clark; 1954 |
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What impact did the Clarks' have on the landmark case of Brown vs. Board of Education? |
They had a great influence on eliminating educational segregration |
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Who is considered the father of Latino psychology or the most prominent Hispanic psychologist? |
George Sanchez |
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What did George Sanchez study in the 1930's? |
Bias in intelligence testing |
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The nature theory is based on: |
Biological, genetic predispositions/influences |
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The nurture theory is based on: |
Environmental influences |
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What is basic research? |
Research that is conducted to gain new knowledge; to explore and advance general scientific understanding (example: Researching the areas of the brain affected by depression |
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What is basic research? |
Research conducted to gain new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding (example: Researching the areas of the brain that are affected by depression.) |
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A hypothesis is: |
A certain statement made about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research |
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What is a theory? |
A general principle or set of principles whose purpose is to explain how a number of facts are related |
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What is naturalistic observation? |
When researchers observe and record behavior in it's natural setting without any influence or control |
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What are the cons of naturalistic observation? |
Observer bias and must obtain the patience for the behaviors to occur |
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What is case study? |
When a person or tiny group of people is studied in great depth typically over an extended period of time |
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What are the 2 pros about a case study? |
It is great for rare cases and results in a tremendous amount of detail |
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A survey is: |
A method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes and behavior |
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What is the pro to giving a survey? |
Researchers are able to study many thousands of people at a time |
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What are the 3 cons about a case study? |
Observer bias, the causes of behavior are difficult to establish, and the applicability to larger groups or different cultures is questionable |
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What is the pro of naturalistic observation? |
Realistic image of behavior |
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What are the cons to giving a survey? |
People may record their behavior inaccurately or deny and lie about it |
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What is the Independant Variable? |
The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter (example: Television in an experiment to see if certain shows make children more aggressive.) |
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What is the Dependant Variable? |
The variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects (example: Aggression in an experiment that tests if certain tv shows make kids more aggressive.) |
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Experimental groups are: |
The group subjected to the independent variable |
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Control groups are: |
Not subject to the independent variable and is given a placebo |
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What is a single-blind study? |
The subjects don't know whether they are in an experimental group or control group |
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What is a double-blind study? |
When neither the subjects or the observers/experimenters know who is taking the drug and who is taking the placebo |
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Neurons are: |
Specialized cells in the nervous system that communicate via electrochemical impulses |
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What are sensory neurons? |
Neurons that provide information from the sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord |
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What are motor neurons? |
The neurons responsible for taking information from the brain and spinal cord to the glands and muscles |
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Where are interneurons found? |
In the brain and spinal cord |
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What is this area and what is its function? |
The dendrites and they receive messages from other cells |
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What is in this area and what is its function? |
The cell body/soma and it maintains the life of the cell |
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Name the area and the function. |
The nucleus, it stores DNA |
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Name the area and its function. |
The axon, it passed messages from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
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Name this white fatty casing and its function. |
The myelin sheath, it functions as an insulator and increases the speed of neural signals |
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Name what and where these gaps are. |
Nodes of ranvier and they are gaps within the myelin sheath |
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Name the area and its function. |
The axon terminals and they form junctions with other cells |
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What are the 2 types of Glial Cells? |
Astrocytes and microglia |
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What is the function of astrocytes? |
To nourish by providing a connection between neurons and blood vessels in the brain |
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What is the function of microglia? |
To remove dead neurons and waste product |
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_______________ are chemical messengers between neurons. They are stored in _____________ at the ______________. |
Neurotransmitters; synaptic vesicles; axon terminals |
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What microvolt charge is a neuron when it's at resting potential? |
-70 |
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What is resting potential? |
When a neuron is not responding to other neurons |
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The electrical signal used by neurons to communicate is called ____________. |
action potential |
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What is the synapse? |
The gap between 2 neurons, usually consisting of 1. axon terminal and dendrites 2. a fluid gap (aka synaptic cleft) between the axon and the dendrite |
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What is reuptake? |
The absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that is secreted |
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Which lobe is the last to completely develop by the age of 25? |
The frontal lobe |
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What is the main function of GABA? |
It can relax anxiety reactions and is involved in sleep |
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Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory? |
Inhibitory |
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What are the 3 possible results to a GABA imbalance? |
Huntington's disease, epilepsy, and depression |
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What is the main function of Acetycholine (ACh)? |
To control muscle contractions |
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Is ACh excitatory or inhibitory? |
Both |
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What results in an imbalance of ACh? |
Alzheimer's |
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The main function of Glutamate is: |
Contributing to learning and memory formation |
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Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory? |
Excitatory |
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An imbalance in glutamate can cause: |
Migraines and seizures |
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What is the main function of dopamine? |
Affecting the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, learning, and memory |
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Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory? |
Excitatory |
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An imbalance of dopamine can result in: |
Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia |
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The main function of norepinephrine is: |
Accerlating heart rate, affecting eating, linking to activity levels, learning, and memory |
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Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory? |
Excitatory |
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An imbalance of norepinephrine can result in: |
Bipolar/impairment of memory formation |
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Serotonins main function are involved in ______________ and _______. |
emotional response and sleep |
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Serotonin is an __________ and __________ neurtransmitter. |
excitatory and inhibitory |
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An imbalance of serotonin can result in: |
Depression, SIDS, eating disorders, alcoholism, aggression, and insomnia |
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The main functions of endorphins are: |
Inhibiting pain and activating feelings of pleasure |
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Are endorphins inhibitory or excitatory? |
Inhibitory |
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What results in the imbalance of endorphins? |
Nothing |
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EEG is a __________ method to study the brain and shows waves of __________. |
Functional; electrical impulses |
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MRI is a ___________ method to study the brain and shows a ______________ image of the brain. |
high resolution |
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fMRI is a ____________ method to study the brain. What does it show? |
funtional; it shows repeated scans of the brain's functioning regarding to neurons |
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What is the function of the medulla? |
It helps regulate heart rate, blood pressure, movement reflexes, and respiration |
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What is the function of the cerebellum? |
It integrates sensory input, coordinates voluntary but unconscious movement, and helps process and store unconscious memories |
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The functions of reticular movement are: |
Being partially responsible for attention, sleep, and arousal |
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What are the functions of the thalamus? |
The relay station for sensory information |
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What is the function of the amygdala? |
Being responsible for fear responses and memory of fear, and the ability to identify emotion from facial expression |
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What is the hypothalamus funtion and what is it responsible for? |
Secreting hormones that stimulate the secretion of of hormones but the pituitary gland. Responsible for motivated behavior and the four F's |
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What are the four F's? |
Fight, flight, feeding, and fornication |
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What is the corpus callosum? |
A thick nerve bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Function of the occipital lobe: |
Being the primary area for visual information |
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Function of the parietal lobe: |
Processing somatic information |
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Function of the temporal lobe: |
Being the primary area for auditory information |
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Function of the frontal lobe: |
Producing voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning, and emotional control |
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What is the pituitary gland? |
The label messenger gland that secretes hormones that regulate the functioning of other glands |
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What is the cerebrum? |
The center of thinking and language in the brain |
The prefrontal area of it is the "executive center" of the brain |
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What are the functions of the pons? |
To regulate movement, sleep and arousal, and respiration |
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What does the spinal cord do? |
Transmits messages from the sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the glands and muscles |
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List the order of vertebrea from top to bottom: |
Cervical, thoracic, lumber, and sacral |
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Which structures are included as part of the brainstem? |
The medulla, pons, reticular formation |
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Broca's area is responsible for ________________ and damage to it will cause difficulty with ________________. |
speech production |
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Wernike's area is responsible for __________________ and damage to it will cause trouble with __________________. |
understanding speech; comphrending speech |
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The central nervous system (cns) includes: |
The brain and spinal cord |
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The peripheral nervous system includes: |
The somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, spathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system |
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What does the peripheral nervous system do? |
Carry messages to and from the CNS |
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What does the somatic nervous system do? |
Control voluntary muscles and transmit sensory information to the CNS |
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What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
Control involuntary body functions |
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do? Give a scenario in which it is utilized. |
The sympathetic nervous system arouses your body to release its reserves of energy, such as in a fight or flight response. A scenario in which this is utilized were to be if you encountered a burglar in your home |
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? |
The parasympathetic nervous system relaxes your body so that it can restore and main its energy, resulting in the rest and digest response. A scenario in which this is utilized would be when you are laying in bed after a long day |
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