Intro Psych Exam Pt.2

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psychopathology

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sickness of the mind

-problematic patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that negatively impact a person's social, academic, and/or occupational functioning

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4 perspectives of psychopathology

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1.psychodynamic

2.cognitive-behavioral

3.biological

4.systems

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psychodynamic perspective

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3 broad classes of psychopathology that form a continuum of functioning from minor disturbance (neuroses) to serious disturbance (psychoses):

1.neuroses

2.personality disorders

3.psychoses

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cognitive-behavioral perspective

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integration of classical and operant conditioning within a cognitive social perspective

-focus on discrete processes

-assesses the conditions under which simp

toms (depression and anxiety) arise out the

environmental stimuli that elicit them

-psychopathology reflects dysfunctional cognitions (automatic negative thoughts)

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biological perspective

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psychopathology disease of brain: focus on aspects of nervous system

1. disturbance of neurotransmitters

2.neural circuits

3. gross pathology of the brain

4.diathesis stress model

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systems perspective

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seeks the roots of psychopathology in the broader social context:

-explains the individual's behavior in the context of a social group (family)

-group functions as a system with independent parts, a change in one member influences other members (work as the system as a whole (family therapy) to solve the problem

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DSM-5

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diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association

categorical: groups similar disorders into 20 dif. categories and provides specific diagnostic criteria for each mental disorder (if you don't have one of the symptoms required you don't get diagnoses)

atheoretical:not connected to any theoretical perspective, compatible with a disease (medical) model

symptoms cluster into syndromes to study people, syndromes have specific etiologies (causes) and should be treated using different therapies

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ADHD

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symptoms of inattention and/or impulsivity persisting for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level (5% school-aged children, 2.5% adults, more in males)

risk factors: low socio-economic status, severe marital discord, material psychopathology inattention: non-responsiveness to task demands (easily distracted) hyperactivity: impulsivity-failure to inhibit behavior (no control, interrupting conversation) underarousal hypothesis: insufficient inhibitory control over sensory input and motor output treatment: stimulants (75-85% approval)

-symptoms have to be present at 2+ settings and must exist before age 12 -as AHDH children age hyperactivity may decrease but inattention may not -ADHD children at risk for other adolescent and adult problems

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conduct disorder

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childhood disorder in which a child persistently violates the rights of others as well as societal norms. Prevalence: 6-16% boys 2-9% girls Etiology:unstable home environment particularly dangerous to children genetically vulnerable. overly punitive or ineffectively lax parenting lead to delinquency. biological: reduced emotional and physiological arousal (much longer resting heart rate)thus less responsive to conditioning. Experience less anxiety when violating social norms

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CD and ADHD comorbidity

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many children with ADHD are also diagnosed with CD. Often problems with family systems. Treatment: multi model treatments that combine stimulant medication and family psychotherapy

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schizophrenia

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heterogenous clinical syndrome that involves a range of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional disfunction's associated with impaired social/occupational functioning. Usually emerges in late adolescence/ early adulthood. Occurs cross culturally in ~1% of population. prevalence: higher among poor, may reflect the effect of poverty on ppl vulnerable to SZ. Only 10-20% of people with SZ recover. ~50% relapse w/in 1 yr of leaving hospital. Long term prognosis is better for women.

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negative symptoms of SZ

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reduction in normal behavior/emotions

Affect flattening: restrictions in range and intensity of emotional expression. Alogia: restrictions in the fluency and productivity of thought and speech. Avolition: restrictions in the initiation of goal-directed behavior

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positive symptoms of SZ

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excess of sensory perceptions and ideas. delusions (false belief), hallucinations (false perception), disordered thinking (loose association)

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etiology of SZ

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-genes play primary role: 48% MZ twins, 17% DZ twins, 9% siblings

-neurotransmitter dopamine implicated: most antipsychotic drugs used to treat SZ block activity of dopamine

-SZ people more likely to have had prenatal and/or delivery complications

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biological of SZ

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-smaller frontal & temporal lobes

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expressed emotion of SZ

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family interactions characterized by criticism, hostile comments, and emotional over involvement/intrusiveness.

-living in home low in EE buffers people with SZ and contributes to their remission

-when people with SZ are exposed to high EE environment, more likely to relapse and require re-hospitalization

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major depressive disorder

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form of psychopathology characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities (anhedonia), and disturbances in appetite, sleep, energy level, and concentration.

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prevalence of major depressive disorder

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2-3% males; 5-9% females

lifetime risk: 10-25% females

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biological or major depressive disorder

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1. genetics: family history of depression doubles to triples a persons risk of development

2. neurotransmission: monoamine hypothesis. MDD associated with abnormalities in seratonin & norapinephrine

3. hormones: hypothyroidism and over activation of the HPA axis

4. brain regions: hippocampal damage (due to +cortisol). overactivity in right frontal lobe (-) under activity in left frontal lobe (+)

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psychological of major depressive disorder

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depressed ppl process information about themselves in a negative way automatically and implicitly, perceiving neutral or even positive info. as negative

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Aaron Beck

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cognitive distortion: cognitive mechanisms by which a depressed person negatively transforms info.

negative triad theory: interpret events unfavorably, do not like themselves, look @ future pessimistically

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anxiety disorders

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characterized by intense, frequent, or continuous anxiety, which may lead to disruptive avoidance behavior

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biological of anxiety disorders

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genetic (mz twins > dz twins)

neurophysiological abnormalities in seratonin and dopamine pathways in the limbic system and low levels of GABA - results in a tendency to be especially reactive in anxiety producing situations

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behavioral of anxiety disorders

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classical conditioning

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personality disorders

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stable, persuasive, and severely maladaptive ways of perceiving, relating to and thinking about world and oneself

1. cluster A: odd or egocentric

2. cluster B: dramatic, eccentric

3. cluster C: anxious or fearful

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paranoid personality disorder

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distrust and suspicious

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schizoid personality disorder

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detachment from social relationships, restricted range of emotional expression

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schizotypal personality disorder

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acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, eccentricity

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antisocial personality disorder

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disregard for and violation of the rights of others

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borderline personality disorder

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impulsivity and instability in interpersonal relationships, self-concept, and emotion

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histrionic personality disorder

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excessive emotionality and attention seeking

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narcissistic personality disorder

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grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

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avoidant personality disorder

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social inhibition and avoidance, feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

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dependent personality disorder

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submissive and clinging behavior and excessive need to be taken care of

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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

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preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

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psychodynamic perspective:neuroses

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minor problems that cause anxiety and mild interpersonal conflict (not extreme, most people have these can be resolved)

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psychodynamic perspective: personality disorders

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chronic disturbances that impact interpersonal and occupational functioning

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psychodynamic perspective:psychoses

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(most severe) psychotic disorder, can't understand what is real and what is not real

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biological perspective: disturbance of neurotransmitters

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(i.e., depression: abnormal levels of seratonin and noreprinephine)

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biological perspective: neural circuits

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(i.e., anxiety disorders are associated with heightened activation of an anxiety circuit in the angdala and frontal lobes

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biological perspective: gross pathology of the brain

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SZ is associated with atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes

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biological perspective:diathesis stress model

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an individual displays a disorder when he/she has 1. an underlying vulnerability predisposition (diathesis) AND 2.when they experience some psychological or environmental disturbance (stress prenatal and post)