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362 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Individual vulnerability x experience = |
Psychopathology |
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Abnormal psychology attempts to.. |
Describe, explain, predict, & change behaviors that are considered strange or maladaptive |
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Evaluate, assess, diagnose |
Describe |
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Identify causes |
Explain |
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Identify conditions in which behavior occurs |
Predict |
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Modify behavior |
Change |
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What are the four D's of abnormality? |
Deviance, distress, dysfunction, & danger |
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Different from the norm |
Deviant |
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Deviance is influenced by.. |
Circumstance |
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The definition of what can change over time? |
Deviance |
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Negative emotions that are extreme or prolonged |
Distress |
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Interference or impairment of normal, daily activities |
Dysfunction |
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Difficulty doing the things we need or want to do |
Dysfunction |
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What two D's aren't necessary for abnormal behavior? |
Distress & danger |
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Ex. If someone is crying all of the time, considered normal during period of mourning, but not on a normal, everyday basis. |
Deviance is based on circumstance |
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Homosexuality & masturbation used to be considered medically/behaviorally abnormal |
Deviance definition can be changed over time |
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Antisocial, sociopathic personalities don't typically feel _____ |
Distress |
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Ex. Most people get nervous, but if the nervousness is overwhelming & getting in the way of normal functioning |
Dysfunction |
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This is the exception, not the rule |
People with abnormal behavior being dangerous |
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None of these are required or sufficient for diagnosing abnormal behavior |
4 D's |
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Study of the prevalence of mental illness in a society |
Psychiatric epidemiology |
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Percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific period of time |
Prevalence |
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The percentage of people in the population who have had a disorder at some point in their life |
Lifetime prevalence |
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_______ will always be a larger proportion of people in the population |
Lifetime prevalence |
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Number of new cases of a disorder that appear in an identified population within a specified time period |
Incidence |
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The presence of two or more disorders in one person |
Comorbidity |
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"Almost 10% of adults have major depressive disorder in any given year" is an example of what? |
Prevalence |
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25% of adults in the US |
Have a mental health disorder in any given year |
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Almost 50% of adults in the US |
Will have a mental health disorder at some point in life |
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Who is least likely to get mental health treatment? |
Kids & ethnic minorities |
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Why are ethnic minorities less likely to seek treatment? |
Low income, stigma, & cultural bias |
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______ of adults & _____ of youth suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder |
25-30%, 20-40% |
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What was abnormal behavior attributed to in ancient times? |
Evil spirits & possession |
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Cutting holes into skull & releasing evil spirits |
Trephination |
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What were the typical treatments for those in ancient times? |
Trephination & exorcism |
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______ thought that abnormal behavior was an imbalance of four fluids |
Hippocrates |
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What were the four fluids of Hippocrates? |
Yellow bile, black bile, blood, & phlegm |
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Who was the first to link bodily processes & behavior? |
Hippocrates |
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What time period saw a return to religious beliefs as explanation for mental disorders? |
Middle Ages |
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When was the rise of asylums? |
Renaissance (1400-1700) |
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Who believed that the mind & body were susceptible to illness? |
Johann Weyer |
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Care for people with mental illness improved during this period but what started as good intentions turned to asylum entertainment for the public |
Renaissance period |
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Bedlam |
Bethlehem asylum |
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He showed sympathy & kindness, with sunny rooms & support in 1800's |
Phillipe Pinel |
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He provided nice staff, walks, and talks, for mentally ill in 1800's |
Benjamin Rush |
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She campaigned for state hospitals |
Dorothea Dix |
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When did physical/brain disease as a cause for abnormal behavior arise? |
1900's |
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Who is seen as the father of psychiatry who classified illness based on organic causes |
Emil Kraeplin |
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Psychologist in 1900's who put people under hypnosis & seemed to cure physical illnesses in this way |
Mesmer |
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When was the drug revolution for psychiatric disorders? |
1950's |
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There was a huge revolution in the late 20th century from |
Inpatient care to outpatient care with medication |
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Delivering the things to mental health patients that work |
Best practice |
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What used to be widely rejected & now widely accepted in response to mental health issues? |
Research |
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______ go to medical school, ______ don't |
Psychiatrists; psychologists |
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What are the four D's? |
Deviance, distress, dysfunction, & danger |
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Behavior, thoughts, and emotions that break norms of psychological functioning are |
Abnormal |
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When something interferes with daily functioning it is considered |
Dysfunctional |
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In any given year, as many as _____ of the adults and ____ of the children & adolescents in the US display serious psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment |
30%; 19% |
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What were Hippocrates' four fluids called? |
Humors |
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After _____, demonological views & practices became popular once again. A growing distrust of science spread throughout Europe |
Hippocrates |
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When large numbers of people share absurd false beliefs & imagined sights or sounds |
Mass madness |
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In one disorder called _______, groups of people would suddenly start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions |
Tarantism (St. Vitus' Dance) |
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Johann Weyer a German physician & the first to specialize in mental illness believed that the mind _______ |
Was as susceptible to illness as the body |
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Homes for those with mental illnesses began to arise in the ____ |
15th century |
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Social improvements for those with mental illnesses arose in the 15th century, but dissipated again in the |
16th century |
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Eventually, hospitals & monasteries were converted into |
Asylums |
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Treatment for those with mental illnesses improved again in 1800 with this man |
Philippe Pinel |
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Pinel & Tuke implemented ______ because it emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques. This eventually caught on throughout Europe & the US. |
Moral treatment |
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Who implemented moral treatment? |
Pinel & Tuke |
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Who is considered the father of American psychiatry? |
Benjamin Rush |
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Who is most responsible for the spread of moral treatment within the US? |
Benjamin Rush |
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Who made humane care a public concern in the US? |
Dorothea Dix |
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What two perspectives were fighting for the attention of clinicians during the decline of the moral movement? |
Somatogenic perspective & the psychogenic perspective |
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The view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes |
Somatogenic perspective |
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The view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological |
Psychogenic perspective |
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Emil Kraeplin supported which perspective? |
Somatogenic |
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This was found to be able to both cause & cure physical dysfunctions |
Hypnotic suggestion |
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Holds that many forms of abnormal & normal psychological functioning are psychogenic |
Psychoanalysis |
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A form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes |
Psychoanalysis |
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Drugs that primarily affect the brain & reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunction |
Psychotropic drugs |
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At least _____ people with severe psychological disturbances are homeless |
100,000 |
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Before the 1950's, almost all outpatient care took the form of ______ |
Private psychotherapy |
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An arrangement by which an individual directly pays a psychotherapist for counseling services |
Private psychotherapy |
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1 in ____ adults in the US receives treatment for psychological disorders in the course of a year |
6 |
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Community health care has given rise to the idea of |
Prevention |
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The study of enhancement of positive feelings, such as optimism & happiness |
Positive psychology |
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Seeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior |
Multicultural psychology |
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What is the dominant form of coverage? |
Managed care program |
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A program in which the insurance company determines such key issues as which therapists its clients may choose |
Managed care program |
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In childhood, do more boys or girls tend to have mental health issues? |
Boys |
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In adulthood, do more men or women tend to have mental health issues? |
Women |
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A way of thinking that explains events |
Model |
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These spell out basic assumptions & principles & provide a framework |
Models |
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Holds that psychopathology results from problems with brain anatomy, brain chemistry, or other bodily sources |
Biological model |
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Problems with specific parts/structures of the brain |
Brain anatomy problem with biological model |
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Problems with brain messaging |
Brain chemistry with biological model |
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Genetic/evolutionary issues |
Other biological sources with the biological model |
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How many nerves does the brain have? |
100 billion |
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What part of the brain takes care of higher functioning? |
Forebrain |
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What are the 3 main forebrain divisions? |
Thalamus, hypothalamus, & cerebrum |
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Relay station |
Thalamus |
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Regulates bodily function |
Hypothalamus |
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What part of the brain contains the limbic system? |
Cerebrum |
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Feeling & reacting part of the brain |
Limbic system |
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Emotional memory & processing |
Amygdala |
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Regulates emotions & memory formation |
Hippocampus |
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What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex? |
Frontal, parietal, occipital, & temporal |
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Executive functions |
Frontal |
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Somatosensory |
Parietal |
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Visual |
Occipital |
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Auditory |
Temporal |
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According to this, chemical imbalances underlie mental disorders |
Brain chemistry explanation |
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Studies indicate that abnormal activity in ______ can lead to specific mental disorders |
Certain neurotransmitters |
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Genetic makeup |
Genotype |
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Observable physical & behavioral characteristics |
Phenotype |
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There aren't any disorders that are 100% |
Heritable |
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This perspective states that psychopathology results from genetic mutations over time |
Evolution |
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What does abnormal psychology attempt to do? |
Describe, explain, predict, & change behaviors that are considered strange or maladaptive |
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Individual vulnerability represents what? |
Diathesis |
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Experience represents what? |
Stress |
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Individual vulnerability x _____ ----> psychopathology |
Experience |
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Percentage of individuals in a targeted population who have a particular disorder during a specific period of time |
Prevalence |
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Number of new cases of a disorder that appear in an identified population within a specific time period. How many new people have acquired the illness |
Incidence |
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____ of adults in the US have a mental health disorder in any given year (prevalence) |
25% |
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____ of youth suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder |
20-40% |
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_____ people who need services don't get them |
Most |
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Who are the two main subpopulations who need mental health services & don't receive them? |
Kids & ethnic minorities |
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What are the 3 reasons ethnic minorities often don't receive health services? |
Low income, stigma, & cultural bias |
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Which two D's can be left out & still considered abnormal? |
Distress & danger |
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This is something that is infrequent & also differs from the norm |
Deviance |
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This is something associated with negative emotions |
Distress |
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This is something that interferes with the things you want or need to do on a regular basis |
Dysfunction |
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What is the order of the different eras (beginning to most recent) |
Greek & Roman (500 BC-500AD), Middle Ages (500-1350), Renaissance (1400-1700), Reform & Moral Treatment (1800's), Somatogenic & Psychogenic perspectives (1900's), modern day |
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What era did Hippocrates belong to? |
Greek & Roman views (500 BC-500AD) |
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During which era did someone first link bodily processes to behavior? |
Greek & Roman views |
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Which era did we return to the religious beliefs & demonology? |
Middle Ages (500-1350AD) |
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When did lots of mass madness' occur? |
Middle Ages (500-1350) |
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What era did the rise of asylums occur? |
Renaissance (1400-1700) |
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Which era did good intentions for the mentally Ill turn to entertainment for the public? |
Renaissance (1400-1700) |
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What era did Philippe Pinel, Benjamin Rush, & Dorothea Dix help reformation? |
1800's |
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What era was abnormal behavior seen as a result of either physical/brain disease or psychological problems? |
1900's |
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Who is German physician Johann Weyer & which era is he from? |
Renaissance period & he is considered the father of psychopathology & believed the mind was as susceptible to illness as the body |
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What were Hippocrates' 4 humors? |
Yellow bile, black bile, blood, & phlegm |
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What is the somatogenic perspective & who was associated with it? |
Physical/brain disease as cause for abnormal behavior & Emil Kraeplin |
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What was the psychogenic perspective & who was associated with it? |
Mesmer & Freud & psychological problems as cause of abnormal behavior |
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Example of somatogenic cause of abnormal behavior |
Fatigue |
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Example of psychogenic cause of abnormal behavior |
Hysteria or unconscious mental processes |
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What are some current trends in the field of mental illness? |
Outpatient therapy, prevention, managed health care, research, best practice, multicultural psychology |
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When did psychotropic medications first become popular? |
1950's |
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What are some different types of psychotropic medications? |
Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antibipolar, antianxiety |
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These can lead to abnormalities in brain structure/chemistry |
Viral infections |
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These can lead to damage of certain areas which can lead to abnormal behaviors |
Injury/trauma |
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Alter brain chemistry to affect emotions and thought processes |
Psychotropic medications |
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Electric voltage to the brain to induce convulsions |
Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Strength of Bio model: Good research evidence of links between ______ & _____ |
Biological processes & behavior |
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One of the bio model's weaknesses is that it is reductionistic because there is no role for ____ |
Non-biological factors |
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The treatments for the biological model can sometimes |
Have adverse side effects |
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This model holds that we are shaped by dynamic intrapsychic factors & that adult disorders arise from childhood traumas or anxieties |
Psychodynamic model |
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Which model is all about unconscious processes? |
Psychodynamic |
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_____ & ______ instincts give rise to thoughts & actions & fuel their expression in the psychodynamic model |
Sexual & aggressive |
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These programs allow clients to receive treatment in nearby, familiar social surroundings as they try to recover |
Community mental health treatment programs |
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What is the principle treatment method of community mental health programs? |
Prevention |
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According to the psychodynamic model, personality is shaped by these three unconscious forces: |
ID, EGO, SUPEREGO |
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Which is the pleasure principle? |
Id |
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Which is the morality principle? |
Superego |
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Which is the reality principle? |
Ego |
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This unconscious force is sexual, fueled by libido, & you're born with it |
Id |
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This unconscious force is your conscience that is unconsciously adopted from our parents |
Superego |
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This unconscious force is our defense mechanism that controls impulses & protects us from anxieties |
Ego |
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According to Freud, personality develops though a sequence of |
Psychosexual stages |
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According to Freud, when you had unsuccessful adjustment during your climb through the psychosexual stages, what happened? |
You became fixated at one of the stages, which led to a psychological abnormality |
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What is the main goal of psychodynamic theory? |
To uncover past traumas & resulting inner conflicts |
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Psychodynamic therapy: first word that comes to mind |
Free association |
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Psychodynamic theory: how you behave, if you resist, dream interpretation |
therapist interpretation |
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This was a strength for _____ because it saw abnormal functioning as rooted in the same processes as normal functioning |
Psychodynamic theory |
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What aspect of the psychodynamic model had a huge impact on psychology? |
It was the first to apply theory & techniques systematically to treatment |
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Which model had the following weaknesses: unsupported ideas, difficult to research, not suited for a wide range of problems or people & unobservable? |
Psychodynamic |
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Emphasis on people as friendly cooperative and constructive. Focus on drive to self actualize through achieving positive growth. Honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses. |
Humanistic view |
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Emphasis on self-determination choice and individual responsibility, focus on authenticity. Achieving authenticity- giving meaning to existence through action. |
Existentialist view |
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Which two theories are often combined? |
Humanistic and existentialist |
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Who said that a lack of unconditional positive regard early in life leads to issues with worth, poor self concept and don't meet potential? |
Carl Rogers |
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This type of therapy is warm and supportive it guides clients toward self recognition and self acceptance |
Rogers client centered therapy |
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This model asserts that abnormal behavior results from problems in how you think about and perceive things |
Cognitive model |
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This model asserts that abnormality results from inaccurate assumptions & attitudes about things. Talks about illogical thinking |
Cognitive model |
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This model talks about how we tend to have automatic thoughts and we usually listen to these without challenging them |
Cognitive model |
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Which model involves common thinking errors? |
Cognitive model |
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This type of therapy recognizes negative thoughts biased interpretations and errors in logic. It challenges dysfunctional thoughts and generates more realistic alternatives or interpretations. It then has clients practice and apply new ways of thinking |
Beck's cognitive therapy |
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According to the cognitive model what do we typically do when we worry? |
We tend to think things are more likely than they are and we overestimate how bad something will be |
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This therapy promotes acceptance of thoughts rather than to judge or try and change them. It promotes that thoughts are just thoughts. It acts in accordance with the values and commitments. |
Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT) |
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What is an example of a new wave cognitive therapy? |
Acceptance and Commitment therapy |
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Strength of this theory are: it's testable, appealing to many clinicians and clients, and effective for depression |
Cognitive model |
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The limitations of this model are: works best for only certain types of problems, can be abstract, and changing thoughts sometimes isn't enough. |
Cognitive model |
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Traditional cognitive therapy does this |
Challenges thoughts |
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New wave cognitive therapy does this |
Supports and accepts thoughts |
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This model states that behaviours are the result of learning, behaviors are shaped by the environment, and change in response to the environment |
Behavioral model |
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This model states that behaviours can be internal or external |
Behavioral model |
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According to the behavior model what are the three ways in which we learn? |
Classical conditioning operant conditioning and modeling / social learning. |
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This type of conditioning deals with associations |
Classical |
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This type of conditioning deals with rewards or punishment |
Operant |
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This type of conditioning deals with observation |
Modeling / social learning |
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Pavlov and Watson are associated with what type of conditioning? |
Classical |
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Skinner is associated with what type of conditioning? |
Operant |
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Bandura is associated with what type of conditioning? |
Modeling / social learning |
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Learning principle in which involuntary responses to stimuli are learned through association or pairing |
Classical conditioning |
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The thing that elicits an unconditioned response. Not learned, natural |
Unconditioned stimulus |
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The unlearned response me to an unconditioned stimulus |
Unconditioned response |
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The previously neutral stimulus that becomes linked with something |
Conditioned stimulus |
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The learned response that occurs to a previously neutral stimulus once it has become associated with something else with which it was paired |
Conditioned response |
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Before conditioning the end conditions for stimulus results and what? |
Unconditioned response |
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During conditioning what is presented before the unconditioned stimulus? |
Neutral stimulus |
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After conditioning this results in the conditioned response |
Conditioned stimulus |
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He demonstrated acquisition of the phobia using classical conditioning paradigm |
John Watson |
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Little albert is associated with what scientist? |
John Watson |
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This helps explain acquisition of phobias unusual sexual attractions and other extreme emotional reactions |
Classical conditioning |
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This theory states that we learned behaviors as a result of reinforcement and punishment |
Operant conditioning |
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In this theory our behaviors are shaped by the consequences that follow them rather than what precedes them as in classical conditioning |
Operant conditioning |
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In this type of conditioning and behavior operates on the environment to produce a consequence. |
Operant conditioning |
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According to this maladaptive behaviors are learned through reward. |
Operant conditioning |
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In operant conditioning when a behavior increases or decreases it is called |
Reward punishment |
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In operant conditioning when something in the environment is added or taken away we call this |
Positive negative |
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Add something to increase behavior |
Positive reinforcement |
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Remove something to increase behavior |
Negative reinforcement |
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Add something to decrease behavior |
Positive punishment |
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Remove something to decrease behavior |
Negative punishment |
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Behaviors are acquired by watching other people perform those behaviors |
The observational learning paradigm |
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Learning by observing models and later imitating them |
Modeling / social learning |
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This theory assume set of normal behavior is learned in the same way as normal behavior |
Modeling / social learning |
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According to modeling exposure to disturb do models is likely to produce |
Disturbed behaviour |
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This type of treatment applies learning principles to replace maladaptive behaviors with more appropriate ones |
Behavioral treatment |
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Strengths of this model include: testable theory, learning can be observed and measured, treatments are very effective for some disorders. |
Behavioral model |
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Weaknesses of this model include: neglects inner determinants of behavior, difficulty generalizing behaviour outside of treatment setting, unclear if all abnormal behavior is acquired in this way |
Behavioral model |
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This model argues that all of normal behavior is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces that influence an individual |
Sociocultural model |
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Which model focuses on the norm and roles in society? |
Sociocultural model |
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What are the two major perspectives of the sociocultural model? |
Family social perspective, multicultural perspective |
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Family relationships and social interactions directly act on individuals |
Family social perspective |
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The family social perspective and multicultural perspective or part of what model? |
Sociocultural model |
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Cultural context, ethnicity, and gender affect behavior |
Multicultural perspective |
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This perspective holds that social labels and roles influence behavior and interpretation of behavior |
Family social perspective |
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This perspective states that behavior of one family member affects the entire family system |
Family social perspective |
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This perspective states that abnormal behavior is a reflection of unhealthy family dynamics of structure and communication. The therapist must focus on the family system not just the individual. |
Family systems perspective / family social perspective |
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When family members are too close or codependent |
Enmeshment |
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When one family member is closed off from the other family members. |
Disengagement |
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Which perspective believes that personality development is ruled by family attributes? |
Family social perspective / family systems model |
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What are the four forms of treatment for the family social perspective? |
Group therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, community mental health treatment |
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Which type of family social perspectives therapy focuses on problem solving and communication? |
Couples therapy |
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Which type of family social perspective therapy concentrates on self help groups with no facilitator? |
Group therapy |
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Which perspective holds that behavior is shaped by cultural context and group membership? |
Multicultural perspective |
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What is the most popular treatment method for the multicultural perspective? |
Culture sensitive therapies |
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What are the two branches of the socio cultural perspective / model? |
Family social perspective and multicultural perspective |
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The strengths of this model include: added greatly to the clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality, clinically successful when other treatments failed, increased awareness of family, cultural, social, and societal roles |
Sociocultural model |
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The weaknesses of this model include: research is too difficult to interpret, model is unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals |
Sociocultural model |
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This approach holds that psychological disorders are the result of the intersecting influences of genetic predispositions and physiological states, individual psychological factors, and social and cultural circumstances |
Biopsychosocial approach |
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This model sees physical processes as key to human behavior |
Biological model |
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This model emphasizes behavior in the ways it's learned |
Behavioral model |
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This model concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior |
Cognitive model |
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This model stresses the role of values and choices |
Humanistic existential model |
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What are the three main factors in the biological model? |
Genetics, evolution, and viral infections |
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What are the four main psychotropic drug groups? |
Anti anxiety, antidepressants, anti bipolar, and anti psychotic |
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According to Freud's theory which part develops basic strategy strategies called defense mechanisms? |
Ego |
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According to the psychodynamic theory if the ED, ego, and superego are in excessive conflict the person's behavior may show signs of |
Dysfunction |
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Patients are showing this, an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy, when they suddenly came out for associate or when they change the subject to avoid a painful discussion |
Resistance |
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Psychodynamic therapists believe that patients must experience this, A reliving of past repressed feelings if they are to settle internal conflicts |
Catharsis |
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These behaviors are those that are infrequent, bizarre, unusual or extreme |
Deviant |
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Who first used the cathartic method? |
Freud |
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Out of healthcare professionals who has the most nationwide employees? |
Social workers |
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What area of health care professionals are hugely dominated by women? |
Counselors |
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What are the three main divisions of the brain? |
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
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What are the three main divisions of the brain? |
Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
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Which parts of the brain are in charge of basic functions and also make neuro transmitters? |
Hindbrain and midbrain |
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Which part of the brain is in charge of higher mental functions? |
Forebrain |
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This transmits nerve impulses throughout the brain |
Thalamus |
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This involves experiencing / expressing emotions and motivation |
Hypothalamus |
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What are the two major parts of the cerebrum? |
Limbic system and basal ganglia |
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What is the three main divisions of the forebrain? |
Thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebrum |
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The limbic system and the basal ganglia are part of what major division of the forebrain? |
Cerebrum |
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This part of the brain is in charge of emotions, basic drives, and impulse control |
Limbic system |
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This part of the brain is largely in charge of movement and planning |
Basal ganglia |
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This is the basic premise of the brain chemistry explanation |
Chemical imbalances underlie mental disorders |
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Mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity in this system |
Endocrine |
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Treatments with in this model are generally pretty effective |
Biological |
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Some of the goals of this therapy include: to resolve conflicts and resume personal development, and to help clients achieve insight into desires and motivations |
Psychodynamic therapy |
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The basic premise of this model is that anxieties operate unconsciously and R repressed through defense mechanisms because they are too hard to face |
Psychodynamic model |
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Inherent tendency to strive toward the realization of one's full potential of goodness and growth |
Self actualization |
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Self-actualization is part of what model? |
Humanistic |
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This is less optimistic than the humanistic view. |
Existentialist |
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This view stresses that the individual must be viewed in context of the human condition and also stresses the responsibility to others |
Existentialist |
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What are the three important qualities in Rogers client centered therapy? |
Unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, genuineness |
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This type of therapy is similar to client centred approaches, but challenges with the client. Involves skillful frustration, role playing, and rules |
Gestalt therapy |
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This model holds that unpleasant emotional responses result from unrealistic and irrational thoughts about an event, not the event itself |
Cognitive model |
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Using a step-by-step approach, learn to react to feared objects, rather than with fear |
Systematic desensitization |
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Within the community mental health treatment, the primary targets what? |
The broader community |
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Within the community mental health treatment program the secondary step targets what? |
People with early signs or risk factors |
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Within the community mental health treatment program the tertiary step targets what? |
Those who are already displaying problems |
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The goals of this include: describing current functioning, identifying therapeutic needs, differential diagnosis, managing risk providing feedback |
Clinical assessment |
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What are the four main approaches in clinical science? |
Case study, correlational method, experimental method, quasi experimental methods |
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This type of study describes one individual |
Case study |
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The type of method links variables together |
Correlational method |
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This type of method manipulates variables |
Experimental method |
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The second method uses comparison groups that are not randomized |
Quasi-experimental |
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This type of research method is extensive observation or interaction with one individual. And may show the value of new therapeutic techniques |
Case study |
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This type of research method may offer opportunities to study rare problems |
Case study |
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The problems with this research method are: subjective, cannot pinpoint specific factors that are causing the problem, difficult to generalize, and cannot replicate |
Case study |
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This is a descriptive design that can observe magnitude or how strongly things are related |
Correlational |
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Why do we need research? |
We need research to evaluate accuracy, effectiveness, and safety of our theories and techniques |
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Observations at one point in time. Provides a snapshot of the population under study. Risk factor and mental illness outcomes are determined at the same time |
Cross-sectional |
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This type of study is done over time. Follows the same individual. Gathers info about the order of events. Difficult and expensive |
Longitudinal |
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This type of study describes incidence and prevalence of disorders in a population. It can identify at risk groups |
Epidemiological studies |
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This type of study is better than in case study because: many participant instead of just one, improves generalizability, can be replicated in new samples |
Correlational |
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What is the one main limitation of correlational research? |
It does not explain the relationship |
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This type of study test the hypothesis, manipulates independent variables, and maximizes internal validity to guard against confounds |
Experimental |
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Which group is not exposed to the independent variable? |
Control group |
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What is the gold standard for treatment research? |
Randomized clinical trial (RCT) |
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How is quasi-experimental different than experimental? |
It lacks random assignment |
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Why do quasi experimental designs like random assignment? |
The groups a pre-existing. It is impossible or unethical to randomize |
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Observe the effects of naturally occurring events |
Natural experiments |
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Experiments are produced abnormal behavior in lab setting |
Analog experiments |
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Subject is measured before and after manipulation |
Single subject design |
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Stability of scores across time, across forms of a test, and across raters |
Reliability |
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Extent to which your assessment tool measures what it intends to measure |
Validity |
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Extent to which an assessment tool appears to be appropriate for a particular use |
Face validity |
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Extent to which an assessment tool adequately measures what it says its measuring |
Content validity |
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Having engineering questions on the psychology exam is an example of what? |
Poor content validity |
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Ability of a measure to predict scores on other relevant measures |
Criterion validity |
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Measures given at the same time points that are supposed to be correlated |
Concurrent validity |
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Predicts performance on some additional measure given a future time point |
Predictive validity |
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Collect a face to face about the person's life history, current situation, and personality |
Clinical interview |
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Identifying data, allergies, medication, and family history are examples of what? |
Domains of inquiry within a clinical interview |
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This may lack validity or accuracy, interviewers may be biased or may make mistakes and judgment, and interviews may lack reliability |
Limitations of clinical interview |
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Standard questions asked in a specific sequence to elicit information and make a diagnosis |
Structured diagnostic interview |
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Diagnostic interview schedule for children, structured clinical interview for axis 1 are examples of |
Structured diagnostic interviews |
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Stable ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize an individual |
Personality |
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Ambiguous stimuli and open responses |
Projective tests |
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When attempting to understand ambiguous stimuli, people project onto stimuli their personal |
Needs, feelings, and experiences |
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Assess for abnormalities in brain functioning or structure |
Neurological tests |
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Measures electrical brain activity through the scalp |
EEG |
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X-rays get image of brain |
CT scan |
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Radioisotopes detect brain activity |
PET scan |
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Magnetic field and radio waves to get brain image |
MRI |
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Measure oxygen levels to detect brain activity |
FMRI |
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Measurement of cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances to determine potential neurological or psychiatric disorders |
Neuropsychological testing |
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Response inventories are also known as |
Questionnaires |
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Assistant medical / psychiatric diagnosis and legal decisions |
Diagnostic |
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Provide profile of individual strengths and weaknesses |
Descriptive |
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Provide recommendations for increase success in home, school, or work environment |
Treatment |
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Changes in this type of testing include: determining premorbid functioning, measuring change over time, may be multiple pathologies |
Neuropsychological |
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Available power to perform something |
Ability |
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Potential for acquiring a particular skill |
Aptitude |
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Measure what has been learned |
Achievement |
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Does intelligence testing test ability, aptitude, or achievement? |
Ability |
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These are predictive of colon academic achievement, job performance, can assist in diagnosis |
Intelligence test scores |
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These are not: explanatory, sole predictors of achievement, culture free |
Intelligence scores |
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A list of categories and guidelines for assigning people to those categories |
Classification system |
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The pros of this are: verbal shorthand, promotes research, identifies treatment options |
Classification systems |
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Cons of this are: diagnosis are not static, societal misuse, stigma / labeling |
Classification systems |
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The dsm-5 requires clinicians to provide what two types of information? |
Categorical and dimensional |
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The name of the category indicated by the client symptoms |
Categorical |
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Rating of how severe a client symptoms are |
Dimensional |
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The positives of this are: it moves away from a categorical system and towards a dimensional system, and is developed to increase the reliability and validity |
Dsm-5 |
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The criticisms of this are: lowers diagnostic thresholds, inclusion of questionable new disorders, cultural concerns |
Dsm-5 |
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Dimensional approach allows diagnosis of mild symptoms |
Dsm-5 lowering diagnostic thresholds |
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Under ideal conditions. Focuses on internal validity |
Efficacy |
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In the real world. Focuses on external validity |
Effectiveness |
