Physio Lab Final 2

Front 1

Baroreceptor Reflex

Back 1

Increase in BP

Baroreceptors in Carotid Sinus, Aorta & Medulla

Integrator-Medulla Oblongata

Effectors: SA Node, Blood Vessels

SA Node Fires less (HR lowers), BV vasodilation

BP lowers

Front 2

Sphygmomanometer use

Back 2

Wrap cuff around upper arm, inflate above expected systolic pressure

Stethoscope on artery just below cuff, no sound as no blood flow occurs

Slowly release pressure listen for Korotkoff tapping sounds, read systolic pressure

Release pressure, no sound=diastolic pressure

Front 3

Blood pressure and body position

Back 3

Standing: BP and HR increased, gravity pushes down, more difficult to pump blood to head

Laying down: Lower BP and HR, effects of gravity lessened, heart level with head, easier pumping

Front 4

MAP

Back 4

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

Average arterial pressure in 1 cardiac cycle

Represents Total Peripheral Resistance and Cardiac Output, takes into account that 2/3 of cardiac cycle is diastole

If too low for too long (below 60), vital organs don't get enough O2

MAP=DP+1/3(SP-DP)

Front 5

Cardiac Output

Back 5

CO= HR x SV

Heart Rate= Beats per Minute

Stroke volume= Amount of blood pumped out

Front 6

MAP=CO x TPR

Back 6

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure=

Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Pressure

CO= blood volume pumped per minute

TPR= Total resistance of blood flow in systemic circulation

Front 7

FVC % deviation

Back 7

(Actual Vol FEV/Total FVC) x 100

Should be above 80%

Front 8

Normal Breathing Rate

Back 8

12-20 Breaths per Minute while resting

Front 9

Chemoreceptor Reflex

(respiratory)

Back 9

Increased CO2

Chemoreceptors in Medulla, carotid artery and aorta

Medulla

Respiratory muscles

Increased ventilation

Lower CO2

Front 10

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 10

Type 1: no insulin, damaged panceas

Type 2: Little insulin, insulin-resistant cells

Front 11

Sertoli cells

Back 11

Testis "nurse cells"

nourish developing sperm cells, consume residual cytoplasm

Front 12

Renal Filtration

Back 12

Not filtered: Proteins, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

Filtered: H2O, glucose, electrolytes, amino acids, bicarbonate, urea, creatine

Happens at Renal Capsule (Bowman's Capsule & Glomerulus)

Front 13

Renal Reabsorbtion

Back 13

Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Glucose and some Sodium

Loop of Henle: descending-H2O, ascending-salt

Distal Convoluted Tublule: Na+ (K+ secreted)

which hormone works at DCT? Aldosterone

Collecting Duct: H2O

which hormone at CD? ADH

Front 14

Renal pH regulation

Back 14

Add Hydrogen into urine, reabsorb less Hydrogen to make blood more alkaline and urine more acidic

Reabsorb Hydrogen from urine, add more bicarbonate to urine tp make blood more acidic and urine more alkaline

Front 15

Water Balance

(Blood Osmolarity)

Back 15

Blood plasma= 0.9% Na+

Urine= up to 2.2% Na+

Excess H2O->large volume dilute urine from decreased H2O retention/no ADH

Front 16

Glucose reabsorption

Back 16

Happens in PCT

None should be in urine, glucose is transported with Na+

Insulin from Pancreatic Beta cells should then handle the glucose

Front 17

Normal urine pH

Back 17

6-6.5

Front 18

Normal urine glucose

Back 18

0-0.8

Front 19

Normal specific gravity

Back 19

1.000

Front 20

Normal urine protein and blood

Back 20

0

Front 21

Urine Volume

Back 21

Sodium Bicarbonate: lower volume, Na+=higher blood osmolarity=more H2O reabsorbtion=less urine

H2O: Increased volume, lower blood osmolarity, more urine formed

Front 22

pH and bicarbonate on urine

Back 22

Raised pH, more alkaline urine

Front 23

Aldosterone is released when

Back 23

Blood volume is low

Promotes Na+ reabsorbtion in DCT

Na+ moves back into blood, H2O follows through osmosis

Front 24

Aldosterone affects BP and Urine Output:

Back 24

Na+ and H2O levels in blood increase, BP increases and urination is less frequent

Front 25

ADH is released when

Back 25

Blood osmolarity is high

Increases H2O re absorption from kidneys in collecting ducts, less urine formed

raises BP

Front 26

RAA reflex

Back 26

Decrease in blood volume

Juxtoglomerular apparatus (macula densa cells)

Renin released-angiotensingogen-angiotensin I-Angiotensin II (thirst)-aldoseterone released-Vasoconstriction, Na and water reabsorbtion, BP up, Volume up

Front 27

Back 27

Respirometer graph

Front 28

Back 28

Slow Vital Capacity

TV+IRV+ERV

2 normal, 1 forced in, 1 forced out

Front 29

Back 29

MVVHyperventalationMax air moved in 1 minute