Physio Lab 2

Front 1

Enzymes

Back 1

-proteins
-increase rate of reaction
-do not change nature of reaction
-are not consumed

Front 2

activation energy

Back 2

-initial input energy required to start reaction
-allows molecules to get close enough to react and form products

Front 3

ways to overcome activation energy

Back 3

-large amounts of heat, enzymes to lower it (then small amounts of heat can push it forward)

Front 4

How enzymes work

Back 4

-substrates brought closer together so they can react
-each active site has a characteristic conformation or shape that is specific for a particular substrate
-ability of enzymes to lower energy requirement is due to structure

Front 5

enzyme activity dependent on

Back 5

temp, ph, salt conc

Front 6

effect of temp

Back 6

increase rate of reaction until a few degrees above body temp, then enzyme denatured

Front 7

effect of ph. Where enzymes found, ph

Back 7

ph optimum- peak activty within narrow range due to changes in enzyme shape
-reflects where enzyme is found in (pepsin 2-3 stomach, salivary amylase (6-7), trypsin (8-9) small intestine

Front 8

effects of salt concentration

Back 8

-if concentration close to 0, charged amino acid side chaines will attract to another
-if concentration high, normal interaction of charged groups will be blocked
-(both the enzyme will denature and form preticipate)
-inorganic ions may interact with active site by distrupting the H binding to the surround ionic residues

Front 9

coenzymes

Back 9

transports H atoms and small molecules between enzymes (derive from water-soluble vitamins)

Front 10

cofactors

Back 10

help form active site through a conformation change of the enzyme or help in enzyme substante binding (metal ions such as Ca2+,Mg2+,Mn2+,Cu2+,Zn2+

Front 11

motility

Back 11

ingestion, mastication, deglutination (swallowing), peristalsis, segmentation (churning/mixing)

Front 12

secretion

Back 12

exocrine- digestive enzymes, acid, mucus. endocrine: hormones to regulate digestion

Front 13

immune barrier

Back 13

simple columar epithelium with tight junctions which prevent swallowed pathogens from entering body

Front 14

Carbohydrates begins in the mouth___, starch digestion begins in the __ by (enzyme). Ends?

Back 14

mouth,mouth, salivary amylase, additional starch digestion continues in small intestine by pancreatic amylase

Front 15

protein digestion begins in the ___, list types of cells

Back 15

stomach. Goblet, cheif, parietal cells

Front 16

goblet cells

Back 16

secrete mucous, protects against autodigestion of epithelium

Front 17

cheif cells

Back 17

secretes pepsinogen (inactive enzyme), which is activated to pepsin by HCl and by pepsin itself by in postiive feedback mechanism
-Zymogen- inactivate enzyme precursor that requires biochem activation

Front 18

parietal cells

Back 18

secrete HCl (activated pepsin, pH (1.5-3.5) denatures protein in food, and kills many bacterial
-intrinsic factor: glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

Front 19

protein --> large polypeptides

Back 19

pepsin from stomach glands in presence of Hcl, to stomach, amino acids are absorbed by cotransport with sodium ions

Front 20

large polypeptides--> small polypeptides/small peptides

Back 20

from pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chmotrypsin, carboxpeptidase), to small intestine

Front 21

small polypeptides/peptides--> amino acids (somedipeptides, tripeptides)

Back 21

brush border enzymes (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase), to small intestine

Front 22

Path of absorption Amino acids

Back 22

1) amino acids are absorbed by cotransport with sodium ions 2) some dipeptides/tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H ions and hyddrolyzed to amino acids within cells 3) Amino acids leave the epithilial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are trasnported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Front 23

Lipid digestion begins in the ____ and completed in the ____ by _____

Back 23

small intestine, small intestine, pancreatic lipase

Front 24

Small intestine Villi

Back 24

motile fingerlike entensions of mucosa, simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells

Front 25

small intestine microvilli

Back 25

-projections (brush border) of absorptive cells
-contains brush border enzymes,

Front 26

Lipid digestion steps

Back 26

1) emulsification of fat drolets by bile salts 2) hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acid and monoglycerides 3)dissolving of fatty acids and monoglycerides into miscelles to produce mixed micelles

Front 27

large intestine

Back 27

absorption of water, electrolytes, vit K, B vitamins
-production of vitamin k, b vitamins via microbial organisms (microflora necesary for synthesis of Vit K, Vit B, Folic acid) -Storage of feces -No digestion occurs

Front 28

Salivary amylase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 28

mouth, saliva, starch, maltose, 6.7

Front 29

pepsin (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 29

stomach, gastric glands, protein, shorter polypeptides, 1.6-2.4

Front 30

pancreatic amylase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 30

duodenum, pancreatic juice, starch, maltose/maltriose/oilgosaccharides, 6.7-7

Front 31

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 31

small intestine, pancreatic juice, polypeptides, amino acid/di/tripeptides, 8.0

Front 32

pancreatic lipase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 32

small intestine, pancreatic juice, triglycerides, FA/monoglycerides, 8.0

Front 33

maltase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 33

small intest, brush border of epithelial cells, maltose, glucose, 5-7

Front 34

sacrase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 34

small intest, brush border, sucrose, glucose + fructose, 5-7

Front 35

lactase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 35

small intest, brush border, lactose, glucose + galactose, 5.8-6.2

Front 36

aminopeptidase (site, source, substrate, product, ph)

Back 36

small intest, brush border, polypeptides, amino acids/di/tripeptides, 8.0