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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Combat Define
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- Engaging the enemy with individual or crew served weapons
- Exposure to direct or indirect enemy fire - High Probability of direct contact with enemy (include risk of capture) |
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Common Elements of Combat Environment
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Confusion and lack of information; casualties; violent, unnerving sights and sounds, feelings of isolation; communication breakdowns; individual discomfort and fatigue; fear, stress and mental fatigue; continuous operations; homesickness
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5 Stress of Combat
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1) Boredom
2) Fog of War 3) Casualties 4) Discomfort and fatigue 5) Extreme risk and fear |
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Boredom
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Combat involves short periods of intense terror followed by long periods of inactivity
- Leaders must be able to manage the long periods of inactivity |
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Fog of War
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(Confusion or unknown)
- Mitigated through keeping Marines informed |
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Casualties
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Put Marines through tough realistic training in order to better prepare them for dealing with casualties in combat
Cherry Pickers (simulated casualties) Ensure Marines deal effectively with cherry pickers during training |
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Discomfort and Fatigue of War
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leaders need to ensure Marines endure discomfort and fatigue during training first so that they can better deal with it in combat.
-Discomfort and fatigue affect Marines performance |
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Factors which mitigate fear
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- Morale
- Discipline - Espirit de Corps - Proficiency - Motivation - Training |
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How to train Marines to kill
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Using human targets; dehumanizing the enemy; bayoneting dummies
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Attributes of the Commander
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- Physical Courage
- Intellectual Attributes - Character |
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Physical Courage - Attributes of the Commander
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- Must withstand physical rigors of war
- Cannot hide, but does not always mean at the very front of the front line - Physically capable so not worn down when time comes - Insert your will at the point of friction |
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Intellectual - Attributes of the Commander
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- Need to dedicate time to self-study
- do not necessarily need smarts |
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Character
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Ability to keep your head during tough times with high stress levels and violence
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Marine leaders 2 responsibilities
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1) Mission accomplishment
2) Troop Welfare |
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Actions which minimize effects of combat
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1) Hard Realistic Training
2) Take care of personal lives 3) Education of Human Factors |
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Psychological Response
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1) Sympathetic nervous system
2) Parasympathetic nervous system |
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SNS
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Fight or Flight
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PNS
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Rest and Digest
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Parasympathetic Backlash
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After the heart rate has been forced to a higher rate quickly and then returns to normal we can be exposed to parasympathetic backlash
- Can feel extreme fatigue |
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Serious Battle Fatigue
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Physical - Constantly moving, reactions to sudden movement or noise, shakes, physical exhuastion, uncontrolled crying, freezing under fire, long thousand yard stare,
Emotional - Night Terrors, talks rapidly or inappropriately, argumentative, inattentive to personal hygiene, memory loss, indifferent to danger, stutters, insomnia, |
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BICEPS - Guidelines for dealing w/ battle fatigue
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B - Brevity - Treat no more than 3 days
I - Immediacy - Provide care ASAP C - Centrality - Treat near but not at aid station if possible E - Expectancy - Keep marines informed that marine will return P - Proximity - Keep marines as close to parent unit as possible S - Simplicity - Keep treatment as simple as possible |
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Dealing with combat stress post deployment
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- Warrior Transition
- Counseling - Physical Training - Small Unit Training - Chaplain/ Medical officer |
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Law of War
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That part of war that regulates the conduct of armed hostilities
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Why train marines of LOAC and ROE's
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- All marines need to have a baseline
- All marines are rifleman and will potentially experience combat |
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Purpose of LOAC
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To prevent unnecessary suffering, safeguard certain fundamental human rights of those involved in a conflict and to ultimately restore peace.
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Principals of LOAC
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1) Military Necessity
2) Proportionality 3) Avoid Unnecessary Suffering 4) Distinction |
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Military necessity
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- Needs to be a valid military objective
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Proportionality
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- Nature, duration, and scope of the engagement must not exceed that required to decisively counter a perceived threat
- Only generally applies when there are civilians present of there is a possibility for civilians to get hurt |
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Avoid Unnecessary Suffering
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- Suffering will never be eliminated from war (some suffering of enemy combatants is lawful)
- Marines are forbidden from acting in ways which are calculated to cause unnecessary suffering - Any weapon that is used improperly could cause unnecessary suffering |
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Distinction
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- Marines must distinguish combatants from non-combatants & military objectives from protected property or places
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Combatants
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Lawful combatant - Wears a uniform; commanded by a person responsible for subordinates; fixed distinctive emblems; carry arms openly
Unlawful - Terrorists? Insurgents? |
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Non-Combatants
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Not authorized to engage in hostilities; protected by LOAC
Once civilians force you on the defensive then they become combatants |
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EPW's and the 5 S's & T
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1) Search - Remove weapons and Intel
2) Silence - Keep them quiet 3) Safeguard - No further actions against them 4) Segregate - Separate different groups 5) Speed - follow proper process as quick as possible 6) Tag - proper documentation |
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Treatment of EPW's
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1) Treat humanely all enemy soldiers
2) do not kill or torture detained personnel 3) Collect and care for the wounded 4) do not attack protected or places - Do not lose protected status if armed for defense 5) Do not destroy more than mission requires 6) Respect private property and possessions 7) Treat all civilians humanely 8) Do best to prevent LOAC violations and report violations |
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Complicity
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Complicity is a crime and not reporting or stopping a violation of LOAC is consider to be consent
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Purpose of ROE's
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To provide commanders with a baseline
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ROE
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Directives issued by competent military authority to delineate circumstances and limitations under which naval air and ground forces will initiate actions against the enemy
Define offensive vs. defensive ROE's |
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Hostile Act (HA)
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Attack against a US force
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Hostile Intent (HI)
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threat of imminent use of force
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Standing ROE
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Baseline rules, definitions, and supplemental measures for us to follow
-There may be modifications depending on theatre |
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PID (Positive Identification)
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- Reasonable certainty that object of an attack is a legitimate target
- Hard to determine |
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Prerequisites to the use of force
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1) Necessity - When a force or individual commits HA or HI
2) De-escalation - There are always other ways to communicate besides verbal commands 3) Proportionality - Requires proper weaponeering - choose the right weapon system for the right response. |
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Offensive ROE's
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Declared Hostile Force - Declaration done by appropriate US Authority
-Unless surrendering or incapacitated then may be engaged on sight - Do not need to see HA or HI |
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Defensive ROE's
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- Always posses the right to defend your self
- Ensure marines understand the ROE's - Commanders always retain the right and obligation to use all necessary force in response to attack |
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Types of ROE's
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1) National
2) Collective 3) Individual |
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General Order 1
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To take charge of this post and all government property in view.
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General Order 2
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To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.
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General Order 3
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To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.
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General Order 4
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To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own.
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General Order 5
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To quit my post only when properly relieved.
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General Order 6
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To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentry who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, officers, and noncommissioned officers of the guard only.
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General Order 7
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To talk to no one except in the line of duty.
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General Order 8
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To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.
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General Order 9
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To call the corporal of the guard in any case not covered by instructions.
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General Order 10
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To salute all officers and all colors and standards not cased.
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General Order 11
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To be especially watchful at night and, during the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority.
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Types of Guards
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1) Exterior Guard - established in combat or hostile zones
2) Ship's Detachment - Guard nukes, security, ceremonial 3) Interior Guard - Preserve order, protect property, and enforce regulations |
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Purpose of Interior Guard
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1) Preserve order
2) Protect Property 3) Enforce regulations |
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Composition of Interior Guard
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CO > Officer of the Day > Commander of the Guard > Sergeant of the Guard > Corporal of the Guard > Sentry
Composition can change depending on each unit |
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Interior Guard: Commanding Officer
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Responsible for everything. CO will generally task the XO with managing the interior guard
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Interior Guard: OOD
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Supervises the guard; inspections of Armory, mess hall, BEQ, classified vault, etc.
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Interior Guard: Commander of the Guard
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- Directly responsible for training the interior guard
- Executes colors |
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Interior Guard: Sergeant of the Guard
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- Right Hand man of the Commander of the Guard
- Directly responsible for making sure the area is clean |
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Interior Guard: Corporal of the Guard
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- Conducts the relief of sentries
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Interior Guard: Reserve
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- Two marines not on post
- Back up in case a post needs to be reinforce or in response to emergency |
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Interior Guard: Supernumerary
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- Extra member of relief able to stand duty in event of injury or illness
- Fill in |
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Interior Guard: Relief
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- Replacement
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Interior Guard: Post
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A place or area where a sentry is stationed
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Interior Guard: Watch
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Period of time
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Post and Relief Reporting Procedures
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1) When reporting, the off-going OOD stands to the right of the oncoming OOD and both salute
2) Sir, (rank and name) reports as the off- going OOD.” / Presents the OOD logbook 3) Sir (rank and name) reports as oncoming OOD.” / As soon as posted, salutes and retires. |
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Interior Guard: Armory Inspection
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Sentry outside, armorer inside
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Interior Guard: Motor Pool
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Sentry, duty dispatcher
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Interior Guard: Logbook
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- Black Ink
- Brief Concise and Clear - 5 W's (Who, what, where, when, why) |
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3 Justifications for use of Deadly Force
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1) Under conditions of extreme necessity
2) As a last resort 3) When all lesser means have failed or cannot be reasonably employed |
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When deadly force can be used
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1) Self Defense and defense of others
2) Defense of property invovling national security 3) Defense of property inherently dangerous to others 4) Prevent or interrupt serious offenses against persons 5) Apprehension or arrest 6) Escapes 7) Lawful order |
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Classified Information
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Official info determined to require protection in interest of national security.
Assigned a security classification |
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Classified material
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document or any media upon which classified info is recorded or embodied
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Security of Classified Materials: Security
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Protected environment for classified info and materials
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Security of Classified Materials: Access
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ability and opportunity to to classified materials or info
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Security of Classified Materials: Need to Know
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necessity for access to knowledge of classified info or classified material to carry out official duties
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Security of Classified Materials: Classification Designators
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Top Secret > Secret > Confidential > Unclassified > FOUO (Awaiting Classification)
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Security of Classified Materials: Top Secret
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Exceptionally grave damage to national security if released
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Security of Classified Materials: Secret
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Serious damage to national security if released
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Security of Classified Materials: Confidential
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identifiable damage to national security
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Security of Classified Materials: FOUO
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Not a classification designator
Information which should not be released to mandatory public release Needs to be more research |
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Security of Classified Materials: Final Clearance
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Top Secret - Single Scope Background investigation
Secret - Favorable national agency check Confidential - favorable national agency check |
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Security of Classified Materials: Interim Clearance
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Granted for six months and is individual's CO's responsibility
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Security of Classified Materials: Billet/Indiv. Responsibilities
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CO > Security Manager > a) Custodians b) CMCC c) EKMSM
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Security of Classified Materials: Security Manager
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- Usually the XO
-Investigates violations; Develops SOPs; |
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Security of Classified Materials: Custodians
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1) Classified Material Control Custodian (CMCC)
2) Electronic Keying Material Systems Manager - Store classified material in appropriate spots - Receive, distribute, and account for classified material |
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Security of Classified Materials: CMCC
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Classified Material Control Custodian
- NOT the S-2 - Handles classified materials such as Op Orders, message traffic, etc. Generally not communication-oriented |
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Security of Classified Materials: Electronic Keying Materials Systems Manager (EKMS)
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- Usually SNCO from Comm
- Handles material related to communications |
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Warfighting: War
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Violent class of interests between groups characterized by the use of force
- Essence of war is two groups trying impose their will on the other |
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Warfighting: Nature of War
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- Universal and inherent qualities which define war
- Friction, uncertainty, fluidity, disorder, complexity, human dimension, violence and danger, Physical, Moral, and Mental forces |
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Warfighting: Spectrum of Conflict
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From humanitarian operations to full conventional war
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Warfighting: Levels of War
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Strategic - National and Military strategy.
Operational - Links Strategic and Tactical Level. Guiding tactical results to achieve strategic objectives Tactical - Specific application of combat power to defeat enemy |
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Warfighting: Maneuver warfare concepts
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1) Orient on the enemy - Become familiar with the enemy
2) Decision Making - Make appropriate decisions with an acceptable degree of risk. Do faster then enemy 3) Philosophy of Command - empowers subordinates to act on their own initiative 4) Commanders Intent - Centralized vision about the end state 5) Mission tactics - assigning a mission without telling subordinates how to do it 6) Main Effort - An element and an action most critical to the defeat of the enemy 7) Combined Arms - Full interaction of arms |
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Leadership Traits: JJDIDTIEBUCKLE
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Judgment
Justice Dependability Initiative Decisiveness Tact Integrity Endurance Bearing Unselfishness Courage Knowledge Loyalty Enthusiasm |
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 1
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Be technically and tactically proficient
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 2
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Know yourself and seek self improvement
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 3
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Know your Marines and look out for their welfare
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 4
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Keep your marines informed
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 5
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Set the example
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 6
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Ensure the task is understood, supervised, and accomplished
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 7
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Train your marines as a team
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 8
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Make sound and timely decisions
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 9
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Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 10
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Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities
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Officer Foundations: Leadership Principle 11
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Seek Responsibility and take responsibility for your actions
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Officer Foundations: Meaning of Commission
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Special Trust and Confidence - Worthy to lead marines
Charge and Require - You have leadership responsibilities Observe and Follow - Part of Chain of Command. Established President position, good leader AND follower Pleasure of the President - privilege not a right |
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5 Horizontal Themes of Leadership
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1) Man or Woman of exemplary character
2) Dedicated to leading Marines 24/7 3) Able to decide communicate, and act in the fog of war 4) Warrior dedicated to the Corps' warrior ethos 5) Mentally Strong and Physically tough |
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Agencies that assist Marines
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1) American Red Cross
2) Navy and Marine Corps Relief Society 3) Chaplain 4) Marine Corps Family Service Centers (MCFSC 5) Family Advocacy Program (FAP) 6) Marine Corps Family Team Building (MCFTB) |
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Request Mast
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- Every marines' right to communicate greviences or personal problems to their seniors and seniors obligations to personally respond
- Cannot be used by marine being process for involuntary separation of subject to Article 138 and 1150 - Each level of Chain should respond within 24 hours |
