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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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M240B MMG
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Total weight: 47.1 lbs
Sustained rate of fire: 100rpm Rapid rate of fire: 200 rpm Cyclic rate of fire: 650 rpm Max Range: 3725m Effective range: 1800m Grazing fire: 600m Functions: Feeding, Chambering, Locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, cocking, Barrel Change Rules: - sustained rate for 10 min - rapid rate for 2 min Hot Barrell: 200 rounds in 2 minutes |
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M240B MMG Ammo
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- Dummy (Plain, Fluted cartridge, No primer or propellant
- Blank (Double tapered neck) - Ball (Plain, Full metal jacketed bullet) - Tracer (Orange tip) - Armor-piercing (Black tip on the bullet) |
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M2 .50 cal
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Total weight: 128lbs
Sustained Rate of Fire: Less than 40 rpm Rapid Rate: 40 + rpm Cyclic: 450-550 rpm Max Range: 7400m Max effective: 1830m Grazing Fire: 700m |
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M2 .50 cal Ammo
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- Dummy (Plain)
- Blank (No Bullet, Crimped Cartridge) - Ball (Plain) - Tracer (Red, orange, or brown tip) - Incendiary (Blue Tip) - Armor piercing (Black tip) - Armor piercing Incendiary (Aluminum Tip) - Armor-piercing incendiary-tracer (Aluminum w/ Red Ring) - SLAP - Sabot light armor penetrator (Amber tinted round) -SLAP tracer (red tinted round) |
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M2 .50 cal Weapons Conditions
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Condition 4 - Bolt forward on an empty chamber, No source of Ammo, Weapon on safe
Condition 3 - Bolt forward on an empty chamber, Rounds inserted and held in place by the belt feeding pawl, weapon on safe Condition 2 (Half Load) - Bolt forward on an empty chamber, Rounds all the way against the cartridge stop, weapon on safe Condition 1 (Full Load) - Bolt Forward, Weapon on Safe, Round in the chamber |
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headspace
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Distance between the face of the bolt and the base of the cartridge case, fully seated in the chamber
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Timing (M2 .50)
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The adjustment of the gun so that firing takes place when the recoiling parts are in the correct position for firing
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M2 .50 Cal Cycle of Operations
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Feeding
Chambering Locking Firing Unlocking Extracting Ejecting Cocking |
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What must you do before you disassemble the M2
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Clear the weapon
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In what position should the bolt be to unscrew the barrel of the M2?
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Retracted until the barrel-locking-spring lug is centered in the 3/8-inch hold on the right side of the receiver
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When checking headspace and timing, what must be done first?
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Headspace
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When checking timing, which gauge is used first?
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No fire
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Must the M2 be cocked to check timing?
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Yes
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If you have a failure to fire, how can you prevent a cook off from occurring in the M2?
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Apply immediate action within 10 seconds
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If a stoppage occurs and the barrel is hot and a round cannot be extracted within 10 seconds, how long must the round remain locked in the chamber of the M2
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five minutes
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How many mils of traverse are there on the traversing bar for the M2
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800 mils
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Which tripod is used for the M2?
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M3
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It is okay to allow the bolt to slam forward when the barrel is out of the M2
True or False? |
False
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The M2 must be cocked in order to check headspace
True or False? |
True
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If the no-go end of the headspace gauge enters the T-slot, headspace is too tight
True or False? |
False
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The cover should never be closed with the bolt to the rear
True or False? |
True
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MK 19 MOD 3
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Total Weight: 140.6 lbs
Sustained Rate: 40 RPM w/ 3-5 round bursts Rapid Rate: 60 RPM Cyclic Rate: 325-375 rpm Max Range: 2212m Max Effective (Area): 2212m Max Effective (Point): 1500m Min safe distance (Training): 310m Min safe distance (Combat): 75m |
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MK 19 MOD 3
AMMO |
HEDP (olive drab w/ yellow ogive and yellow markings)
HE Training Practice (Blue w/ Black markings) Dummy (gold w/ black markings |
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MK 19 MOD 3
Weapons Conditions |
Condition 1 - Bolt to the rear, round on the face of the bolt, weapon on safe
Condition 2 - Bolt forward on an empty chamber, round is up against the round positioning block and grasped by the bolt extractors, weapon on safe Condition 3 - Bolt forward on an empty chamber; rounds inserted and held in place by the secondary positioning pawls; weapon on safe Condition 4 - Bolt forward on an empty chamber; no source of ammo; weapon on safe |
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MK 19 MOD 3
Cycle of Operations |
Feeding
Chambering Firing Extracting Ejecting Cocking |
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What must you do first before you disassemble the MK 19 MOD 3?
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Clear the weapon
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How much armor plating, in inches, is the weapon capable penetrating, when firing ammunition at zero degree obliquity?
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2 inches
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To stop a runaway Mk-19, what step must be taken?
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Unlock and lower one charging handle while keeping control of the weapon
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If a stoppage occurs, how long must you wait before pulling the bolt to the rear for MK 19
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10 seconds
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Which tripod is used with the MK 19?
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M3
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When loading the MK 19, place the female link end of the ammunition belt through the feed throat and draw the ammo into the weapon feed area.
True or False? |
True
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The MK64, MOD 7 gun cradle is used with the tripod and ring mounts.
True or False? |
True
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Nine Principals of War
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MOOSEMUSS
M - Mass O - Objective O - Offensive S - Security E - Economy of Force M - Maneuver U - Unity of Command S - Surprise S - Simplicity |
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Breakdown of infantry platoon
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1 Platoon Commander
Headquarters - Plt Cdr, Plt Sgt, RTO, Plt Guide, Corpsman 3 Squads |
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Purpose of the Offense
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1) Destroy Enemy forces, equipment, and resources
2) Disrupt Enemy actions or preparations 3) Deceive or divert the enemy 4) Deprive the Enemy terrain 5) Fix the enemy in place 6) Gain information on the enemy |
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4 Types of offensive operations
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Movement to contact
Attack Exploitation Pursuit |
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Movement to contact
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Off. Operation conducted to establish or regain contact with the enemy.
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Attack
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Purpose - defeat, destroy, or neutralize the enemy
Types of Attacks: 1) Hasty - prep time traded for speed 2) Deliberate - preplanned employment of combat power 3) Spoiling - mounted from Defense to disrupt EN 4) Counterattack - Conducted after EN begins his attack 5) Feint - Supporting effort to diver to distract EN attn. * Feint involves physical contact 6) Recon in Force - Deliberate Attack to obtain info 7) Raid - small scale offensive operation to penetrate hostile territory for specific purpose 8) Demonstration - Aims to deceive and confuse the EN *Does not make contact with the Enemy |
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Exploitation
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- Off. Op. following an attack that is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth
- Prevents EN from disengaging, withdrawing, and reestablishing an effective defense - Target examples: CP, reserves, key terrain, CSS |
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Pursuit
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Off Op designed to catch or cut off and destroy EN attempting to escape
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Purpose of the Defense
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1) Force EN to reach his culminating point early
2) Rapidly gain and maintain initiative for Friendly Forces 3) Create opportunities to shift to the offense |
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Two Types of Defense
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1) Position
2) Mobile |
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Position Defense
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- focuses on the retention of terrain
- bulk of defending position is disposed in selected tactical positions - defense uses obstacles and barriers to slow, canalize , and defeat EN through sector defenses, battle positions, and strongpoints |
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Mobile Defense
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Defense of an area in which maneuver is used together with fire and terrain to seize the initiative from the EN
- Mob Def destroys attacking force by letting the EN advance to position that exposes him to a counterattack by the mobile reserve - minimum forces committed to pure defense - certain conditions favor a mobile defense: 1) frontage exceeds the defenders capability to establish an effective position defense 2) Limited time to prep defense 3) Mission doesnt require denying EN key terrain |
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2 Offensive Forms of Maneuver important to the defense?
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Frontal - Attacking EN strong point. Used to rapidly destroy a weak EN force or to fix EN in place to support a flanking attack
Flanking - Use of fire and maneuver to gain a position of advantage against an EN's vulnerability |
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COC coordination
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- Likely conducted twice: before and after writing order
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Leaders Recon
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A small, leadership-heavy, recon patrol that will operate in close proximity to the EN
- Priorities of Recon should work from EN back to Friendly |
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Support by Fire
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- Should be located on the EN frontage
- direction of fire should ideally be located 90 degrees offseet from the maneuver elements direction of assault **We were told in the class that 75 degrees was ideal** - Two ways to occupy: Stealth (EN unaware) and Force |
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Platoon formations of movement
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Column - Best speed and control and is ideal for night or moving through thick vegetation. Best security to flanks. Worst to the front
Wedge - good speed and control and all around security. Used when EN situation is uncertain Echelon - Slower and more difficult to control. Great security to front and direction of echelon. Used to guard exposed flank Vee - Slow and difficult to control because of two lead elements. Security excellent to front and good to flanks. Used when EN is to front or when crossing a large open area Line - Slowest and most difficult to control. Excellent security/deployability to front. Poor to the flanks. Used to assault EN once orientation is known |
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Support by Fire considerations/calculations for a platoon in the attack
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• A≥S×M
• A is ammunition, S is suppression, and M is maneuver • S = Weapons firing × average rate of fire (in rounds per minute) • M = Distance to objective (in meters) ÷ average rate of movement (in meters per minute) |
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MAS MTVR 7-ton
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Marine Armor System Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement
- Troop/Cargo Carrier, Lead convoy vehicle - 7.1 tons off road, 15 tons on improved surface - 17 troops - Pros: undercarriage protection from undercarriage blast - Cons: Limited Maneuverability due to height/weight - Weight 33,000-40,000lbs |
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UAH
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Up-Armor HMMWV
- Security Element, C2, and mounted patrols - Personnel = 5 - Pros: Maneuverable and capable of improved C2 - Cons: High Center of gravity, undercarriage vulnerable - Weight 11,000lbs |
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MRAP
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Mine Resistant Ambush Protected
- Lead Vehicle, C2, Security Element, EOD - Personnel 6 (4x4), 10 (6x6) - Weight 34,000 for 4x4 and 42,000 for 6x6 - Pros: Most survivable vehicle - Cons: Poor off-road capability |
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JTAC
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Joint Terminal Attack Controller
- Individual tasked w/ control of supporting aircraft that is NOT the convoy commander - Co-located w/ the CC |
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What does convoy SOM include?
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- Task Organization
- Distribution of Forces - Route (Named or CP's) - Movement Formations - Tactical Control Measures - Actions on the objective |
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What is the Task Organization for Convoy?
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- Lead Security Unit
- Rear Security Unit - Main Body Security Unit |
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Typical tactical tasks for security units?
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1) Screen
2) Protect |
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Defintion of Screen?
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Observe, identify, and report information and only fights in self protection
- Tactical Task for the Lead and Rear Security Units |
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Definition of Protect?
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Prevent observation, engagement or interference with a force or location
- Main Body Security Unit |
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Two Basic formations for Convoy ops?
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1) Open Columm
2) Close Column |
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Open Column Formation? (Convoy)
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- Dispersion approx. 100-200m
- Good in open terrain and roads that allow for higher speeds Advantages: - IED protection due to greater dispersion - Less chance more than 1 vehicle would be in kill zone Disadvantages: - Larger footprint - Harder Command and Control - Intervals hard to maintain - Harder to maintain visual contact between vehicles - IA drills harder to execute/lack of mutual support |
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Closed Column formation? (Convoy)
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- Dispersion approx 50-100m
- Good for night ops, urban areas, and high traffic times Advantages: - Smaller footprint - Greater control - Mutually supported vehicles/ability to mass fires - Harder for civilian traffic to break convoy integrity Disadvantages: - More vulnerable to IDF and IED's - More vehicles may get caught in kill zone - Less reaction time - Exhausting for drivers to maintain interval for long time |
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Commonly used TCM's in motorized ops
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Checkpoints - Facilitates C2. Report passing of check point by first and last vehicle to higher
Rally Points - Used to consolidate forces and regain C2. Fixed RP's are like Checkpoints. Floating RP's are preplanned distances from points of EN contact. Briefed in the SOM Unit Boundaries - Being aware of operating in other unit's areas and coordinating with them if moving into their area IOT deconflict operations and facilitate help from friendly unit if needed |
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Before walking the dog in a convoy SOM what 3 elements of SOM must be briefed?
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1) Task Organization
2) Distribution of Forces 3) Route |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Convoy Commander
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- Overall command of the convoy
- Assess Enemy Situation; plan the convoy formation, route, and Fire Support Plan - Issue Convoy Order - Conduct COC and Cross Boundary coordination - Coordinate actions on the objective - Develop IA drils - Submit detailed manifest |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Assistant Convoy Commander
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- Second in Command
- Responsible for vehicle preparation, loading, and staging - Conduct rehearsals prior to execution - Assess and attempts to repair mechanical breakdowns - Maintain formation, dispersion, order of march - Make recommendations to CC - Compile detailed manifest for CC |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Lead Security Unit Leader
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- Controls all vehicles from Lead Security Unit
- Responsible for forward security - Performs convoy navigation duties - Communicates CP's, turns, dangers areas, etc. to CC - Maintains convoy speed/interval - Know and understand IA drills - Analyze the route and make recommendations to CC - Secure a landing zone for CASEVAC - Tactically control Lead Security Unit - Provide security at objective if required |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Main Body Security Unit Leader
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- Responsible for outboard security
- Communicates CP's, turns, danger areas, etc. to CC - - Maintains convoy speed/interval - Know and understand IA drills - Analyze the route and make recommendations to CC - Secure a landing zone for CASEVAC - Tactically control Lead Security Unit - Provide security at objective if required |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Rear Security Unit Leader
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- Responsible for Rear Security
- Maintains convoy speed/interval - Know and understand IA drills - Analyze the route and make recommendations to CC - Secure a landing zone for CASEVAC - Tactically control Lead Security Unit - Provide security at objective if required |
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Roles and Responsibilities of the Vehicle Commanders
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- Take charge of vehicle
- Know the route - Defend the driver and the vehicle - Ensure vehicles follows IA drills - Account for personnel and equipment in that vehicle - Handle Comm w/in vehicle |
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What all is included in Coordinating Instructions for Convoy orders?
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Timeline
IA Drills Lost Marine Plan/ Lost Vehicle Plan Order of March Speeds (Slow down, catch up, route specific) Base Unit Dispersion Bump Plan Fuel/Refuel Plan Driver Tasking Statement : Follow Gunner Tasking Statement: Support by fire Vehicle Commander Tasking Statement: No specific task |
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List different IA Drills
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IDF
Short/Long Security Halt Vehicle Dismount Drill Exploded IED/Unexploded IED 5 and 25m Checks Danger Areas Hasty attack Hasty Defense Sniper Fire Vehicle Recovery |
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5 C's of IED's
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Confirm - is in fact IED
Clear - remove people/vehicles Cordon - prevent people/vehicles from breaking cordon Check - for secondary devices Control - control access |
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Role of engineers in defensive ops?
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- Impede mobility of the EN
- Field Fortification - Provide general engineering tasks to amplify sustainability of supported unit |
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Battlefield Functions in the Defense (Engineers)
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Counter-mobility
survivability Mobility General Engineering |
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Counter-mobility (Engineers Defense)
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Intent = deny EN's ability to execute his plan
Achieves above by: - Disrupting combat formations - interfering with his command and control - Creating vulnerabilities that friendlies can exploit Secondary Intent = destroy or disable EN vehicles Counter-mobility tasks in the defense: - Develop obstacle plan to support Concept of Ops - Assist in the installation of minefields - Provide technical assistance and supervise construction of obstacles |
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Survivability (Engineers Defense)
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- includes all aspects of protecting personnel, weapons, and supplies.
Object of Survivability: - Reduce exposure to threat acquisition, targeting and engagement, and the effects of weather Engineers will provide technical assistance or assist in constructing the following: - Fortifications - Protective Obstacles - Strong points - Camouflage - Development of deception plan |
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Mobility (Engineers Defense)
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Mobility support assists forces to move rapidly, mass, disperse, and be resupplied
Mobility tasks in defense: - Prep counter attack routes clear of obstacles - Prep combat trails for counterattacks and lateral mvmnt - Prep lanes and gaps through obstacle zones and belts - Reduce obstacles created by EN fires/sabotage - Clear landing zones for resupply and medical evacuations |
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General Engineering Tasks(Engineers Defense)
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- Maintain and improve lines of comm and main supply routes
- construct and repari support facilities - store and dispense fuel and water - construct airfields and aircraft support facilities |
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Define Obstacles and Name to categories
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Obstacle - any obstruction that stops, delays, or restricts movement or maneuver
Two Categories: - Existing - Reinforcing |
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Existing Obstacles
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Those obstacles already present on the battlefield
They may be Natural or Cultural: Natural -Drainage features -soil trafficability - Slope and relief - vegetation Cultural - Cities/towns - Dikes, dams, canals - Drainage ditches - Roads and railroads |
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Reinforcing Obstacles
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Obstacles placed on the battlefield through military effort
- designed to extend or improve the effectiveness of existing obstacles |
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FOCDPIG:
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F - Covered by Fire
O - Observed C - Concealed and employed for surprise D - Depth. Employed in Depth P - Protected by early warning/anti-handling device I - Integrated w/ existing and other reinforcing obstacles G - Non-geometric. does not give away design of defense |
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Principals of Obstacle Employment
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1) Enhance effectiveness of friendly fires
2) Delay EN's advance, upset his timing, disrupt and canalize his formations into engagement area, and delay or destroy follow on forces Enhance friendly economy of force measures |
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Obstacles Types
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Protective and Tactical
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Constructed Reinforcing Obstacles
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Built by Marines and equipment, normally w/o use of explosives
Examples: Log cribs Hedgehogs Concrete blocks Tank Ditches |
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Five types of reinforcing Obstacles
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Constructed
Demolitions, Mines/Minefields Contamination Expedient |
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Demolitions Reinforcing Obstaces
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Created by detonation of explosives:
Road craters Abatis Landslides |
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Mines/Minefields
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Only reinforcing obstacle capable of killing or destroying EN personnel and Equipment
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Contamination
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Nuclear or chemical in nature
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Expedient
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expedient obstacles substitute locally available materials and manpower for a logistical requirement
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Protective Obstacles
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-Obstacles employed to protect the defending force from the EN’s final assault (Survivability)
-Close to defensive positions -Tied with FPF -Emplaced normally w/o engineers |
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Wire Entanglements
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Tactical: Used to turn, fix, disrupt, or block formations forward of the FPL
sited parallel to and along friendly side of the MG FPL Used to influence EN SOM Protective: used to prevent surprise assaults from points close to the defensive positions still close enough for observation but beyond hand grenade range Supplementary: used to conceal the exact line of the tactical wire XXXXXXX is Tactical Wire ==XX==XX = = XX is Supplementary XXXXX is Protective Wire (XX's are struck through w/ line) |
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Tactical Obstacles
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Obstacles that directly effect the EN’s ability to maneuver in a way that gives the defending force a positional advantage
Produce 4 effects: Disrupt Turn Fix Block |
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Disrupt
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Effect:
- Breaks up EN formations - Causes premature commitment of breach assets - Interrupts command and control - Counters the EN's initiative and synchronization to hinder him from concentrating combat power |
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Turn
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Effects:
Manipulates the EN's maneuver in a desired direction - First obstacle must entice the EN to maneuver rather than breach - bypass must be easily detected to entice EN to it |
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Fix
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Slows the EN within a specified area so that he can be killed with fires
- give the defender time |
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Block
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Stop EN's advance along a specific avenue of approach or allow him to advance at a high costs
- integrated with intense fires |
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Obstacle Plan
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comprehensive, coordinated plan which integrates the use of tactical and protective obstacles to support a SOM
Designates: - Obstacle responsibilities - General location - Directed/reserve obstacles - Special Instructions |
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Definition of a Mine
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explosive device emplaced for the purpose of killing, destroying, or otherwise incapacitating EN personnel or equipment
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Conventional minefields can be 1 of 4 things
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1) Protective
2) Tactical 3) Phony 4) Nuisance |
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Protective Minefields
Include the 2 purposes |
Definition: employed to protect defending force from EN's final assault
1) impose a delay on the attacker to allow the defender time to break contact 2) Break up the EN's assault to complete its destruction |
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Classifications of Protective Minefields
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Hasty Protective minefields (HPMF)
- part of a unit's defensive perimeter Deliberate Protective Minefields - Used to protect static assets (vital sites) - Examples include logistics sites, comm nodes, depots, airfields, and permanent unit locations |
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Tactical Minefields
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Employed to directly attack the En's ability to maneuver and to give the defender positional advantage over attacker
- Can be employed by themselves or in conjunction w/ other tactical obstacles -Used for both defense and emplaced during offensive ops to: 1) protect exposed flanks 2) isolate the objective area 3) Deny EN counterattacks routes 4) Disrupt EN retrograde |
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Phony Minefields
Include 2 functions |
Areas of ground altered to give the same signature as a real minefield IOT deceive the EN
Two functions: 1) Confuse attackers breach decision cycle 2) Cause attacker to wast breach assets |
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Nuisance Minefields
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Nuisance or interdiction minefields are another form of the tactical minefield
- used to impose caution on EN forces and to Disrupt, delay, and sometimes destroy follow on echelons ** Once emplaced do not necessarily need to be covered by observation or direct fire *** |
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Minefield reporting
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Minefield report is an oral, electronic, or written communication concerning mining activities, friendly or EN
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Report of Intention
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a notification to a unit's higher headquarters that the unit intends to emplace a minefield
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Report of Initiation
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A mandatory report which informs higher that emplacement has begun and area is no longer safe for friendly mvmnt and maneuver.
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Report of completion
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Usually Oral to authorizing CO that minefield is complete and functional
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FASCAM
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Family of Area Scatterable Mines:
- entire inventory of scatterable mines used by US military - Self destruct after life has expired - delivered by variety of methods |
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General Capabilities of FASCAM
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Speed - placed quicker then conventional mines
Increased mobility - Upon expiration of the self-destruct time, the minefield is cleared Efficiency - emplaced by a variety of delivery methods Increased lethality - Designed to produce K-kill |
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FASCAM Limitations
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Coordination - requires extensive coordination
Cost - More expensive than conventional mines Visibility - FASCAM mines lay on surface |
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Role of Combat Engineers in the Offensive ops
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- Ensure uninterrupted movement of Friendly Forces maintaining momentum of the attack
- Provide flexibility to the supported maneuver unit - Degrade the EN's ability to maneuver |
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Engineer Battlefield functions in offense
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Mobility
Survivability Counter-Mobility General Engineering |
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Mobility (Engineering function)
Include mobility missions |
Enable FF to maneuver freely on the battlefield
Missions: - Engineer Recon - Expedient/hasty road repair - River Crossings - Construction of LZ's/FARP - Construction/maintenance of expeditionary airfields - Obstacle Breaching |
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Survivability (Engineering function)
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Engineers can construct fighting/protective positions
Assist in camouflage and deception |
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Counter-mobility
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Obstacles used in the offensive to:
- block or inhibit EN movement - Help secure flanks and rear of attacking unit - Impede EN counter attacks - Concentrate combat power |
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Definition of Obstacle Breaching
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employment of a combination of tactics and techniques to project combat power to the far side of an obstacle
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Obstacle Reduction
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The physical creation of a lane through or over an obstacle. The lane can be created by making or finding a way through the obstacle.
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Obstacle clearing
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The total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle. Clearing operations are not conducted under fire and are usually conducted by follow-on engineer forces.
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Proofing
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Verifying that a lane is free of mines by passing a mine roller or other mine-resistant vehicle through as the lead vehicle. Proofing should be done when time, threat, and mission allow.
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Marking
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A good marking system allows a force to quickly pass through a breached lane thereby maintaining momentum, giving confidence in the safety of the lane, and helping to prevent casualties.
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Bulling through
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Not a breaching operation, but a desperate decision made when a commander must react immediately to extricate his force from an untenable position within an obstacle and no other breaching operations are possible.
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Bypass
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A route that avoids the obstacle. When a unit bypasses an obstacle, it physically changes its direction of movement to avoid the obstacle. |
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Breaching Tenets
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Intelligence
Breaching Fundamentals Breaching tactics Mass Synchronization |
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Breaching Fundamentals (Breaching Tenets)
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SOSR
S - Suppress O - Obscure S - Secure R - Reduce |
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Breaching Tactics (Breaching Tenets)
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Support Force - Eliminate EN's ability to interfere w/ breaching operation
- Deliberate Breach requires 3:1; Hasty = 2.5:1 Breach force - create lanes that attacking force can pass through and continue the attack Assault Force - destroy or dislodge the EN from the far side of the obstacle - Want a 3:1 ratio |
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Mass (Breaching Tenets)
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achieved by rapidly applying concentrated force at a point or place to crack the obstacle and rupture the defense
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Synchronization (Breaching Tenets)
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Need synchronization between support, breach and assault force
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Types of Breaching Operations
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In-Stride Breach - quickly overcome unexpected or lightly defended obstacles
Deliberate breach - SOM designed to cross an obstacle to continue the mission |
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Obstacle Reduction Techniques
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Mechanical
Explosive Mounted Systems: - Mine clearing line charge (MICLIC) - Mk 1 triple Shot AAV Manual Systems - Bangalore torpedo - Antipersonnel obstacle breaching system APOBS |
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Defense Definition
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A coordinated effort to defeat an attack by an opposing force and prevent it from achieving its objectives.
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10 Fundamentals of the Defense
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1) Knowledge of the Enemy
2) Maneuver 3) Preparation (hasty or deliberate defense) 4) Use of Terrain 5) Surprise 6) Mass and Concentration 7) Flexibility 8) Offensive Action 9) Mutual Support 10) Defense in Depth |
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Types of Defensive Operations
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1) Mobile Defense - bulk of the force is held as a mobile striking force with strict economy applied to dedicated positional supporting efforts designed to canalize, delay, and disrupt the enemy’s attack.
2) Position Defense - orients on retention of terrain by absorbing the enemy in an interlocking series of positions and destroying him largely by fires. |
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Defensive Techniques
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1) Battle Position
2) Strong Point 3) Perimeter 4) Reverse-Slope |
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Battle Position
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- Oriented on enemy most likely avenue of approach.
- Generally linear. - Often apart of a larger defense possibly linear. |
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Blocking Position (type of battle position)
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Designed to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance in a given direction.
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Strongpoint
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- Fortified defensive position designed to deny the enemy certain terrain as well as the use of an avenue of approach.
- Different from BP in that is designed to be occupied for a extended period of time. - All around defense - Contain significant CSS |
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Perimeter
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- Oriented in all directions.
- Subordinate unit may utilize a different defensive technique. - Used to hold critical terrain or when not apart of a larger defense. |
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Reverse Slope
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- Any slope which descends away from the enemy
- Organized so main defensive positions are masked from enemy observation and DF. - Typically used with BP. |
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Steps to develop engagement area (EA)
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1) Identify all likely enemy avenues of approach
2) Determine likely enemy SOM's (final step is EMLCOA) 3) Determine where to kill enemy 4) Emplace weapon systems 5) Plan and integrate obstacles 6) Plan and integrate IDF 7) Conduct EA rehearsals |
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Sectors of Fire
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NOT assigned to buddy pairs. Fire team sector of fire ensures adequate coverage.
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Fire Support Planning
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Long Range Fires - engage enemy forward of EA. Designed to create confusion and deploy early.
Close in Fires - engage enemy within EA prior to reaching trigger for FPF. Designed to canalize and slow enemy, and disrupt breaching. Final Protective Fire - *priority of fire in defense* a registered barrier of IDF designed to impede enemy movement across EA. |
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FPF Target Dimensions
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Width of FPF = ECR and Length of FPF = tubes x ECR
60mm ECR = 30m 81mm ECR = 35m 155mm ECR = 50m Squad = 1 gun 60mm section = 3 guns 81mm section = 4 guns 81mm platoon = 8 guns 155mm battery = 6 guns |
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Types of Positions
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1) Primary
2) Alternate 3) Supplementary |
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Primary Position
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Best available position for an individual or crew served weapon to accomplish the assigned mission.
First to be occupied when occupying the defense. |
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Alternate Position
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Located so that individuals and crew-served weapons can continue to accomplish the assigned mission when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuited for carrying out the mission.
Normally located behind the primary positions. |
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Supplementary Position
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Prepared to guard against attack from directions other than those from which the main attack is expected, such as the flanks.
Does not cover the same sector of fire as primary or alternate positions. |
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Least Engaged Unit
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- Allows the platoon commander to incorporate offensive action in SOM once enemy has committed force to EA.
- Unit that is under minimal enemy influence when engagement begins based on placement in platoon position. - Cannot be determined in OP order; enemy dictates. |
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Leaders Reconnaissance
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- Number one priority for a defensive leader’s reconnaissance is to identify/confirm the engagement area.
- All other aspects of the defense will be based on the specific selection of an engagement area |
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Occupation of Position
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1) Crow's Foot
2) Bent L 3) Combination |
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Sequence of the Defense - Decisive Contact
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1) Gain and maintain enemy contact
2) Disrupt the enemy 3) Fix the enemy 4) Maneuver 5) Finishing |
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Sequence of the Defense - Consolidation / Reorganization
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Re-establishing security is the first priority during this portion of defensive operations.
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Trajectory
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The arching flight path of the round from the muzzle of the weapon to the target.
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Ordinate
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Elevation of the flight path of the round above the line of sight
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Maximum Ordinate
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The maximum elevation of that round above the line of sight along its flight path.
This distance is reached at 2/3 the distance to the target. |
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Cone of Fire
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Net pattern from different paths of each round fired form machine gun resulting from vibration, tolerances of ammo, and shooter positions.
*2 mils for M240* |
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Beaten Zone
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Elliptical pattern formed by the impact of the rounds.
Uniform terrain - longer beaten zone Rising terrain - small beaten zone Falling terrain - long and narrow/wide depending on range. |
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Classification of MG Fires
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1) In relation to the Ground
2) In relation to the Target 3) In respect to the Gun |
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Classification of MG Fires
in relation to the Ground |
Dead Space - occurs when target drops below line of sight (or aim).
Danger Space - any space 1.8m above the ground when firing over terrain. Plunging Fire - danger space confined to beaten zone; firing high to low or low to high and when using long range fires. Grazing Fire - where center of the cone of fire does not rise more than 1m of deck. Most effective we can employ. |
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Classification of MG Fires
in relation to the Target |
Flanking Fire - fires delivered on flank of target where target is 90 degrees or more away from firing unit.
Frontal Fire - fire delivered on front of target, where target is oriented at firing unit. Enfilade Fire - long axis of beaten zone coincides with (or nearly) long axis of target; can be frontal or flanking and is most desirable. |
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Classification of MG Fires
in respect to the Gun |
Fixed - fire delivered on point target; little or no manipulation.
Traversing - delivered against wide target requiring changes in direction. Searching - delivered against target in depth requiring changes in elevation. Traversing and Searching - delivered against an oblique target requiring both elevation and direction changes. Swinging Traverse - delivered against targets requiring major changes in direction with little or no elevation. Free Gun - delivered against moving target which require both major changes in elevation and direction. T&E not used. |
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MG Employment Principals
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Pairs
Interlocking Fires Coordination of Fires Mutual Support Defilade Enfilade Economy Protection |
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MG Fighting Positions
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- Still have Primary, Alternate, and Supplementary
- L Shape - When only 1 sector of fire is assigned. FPM must be parallel to either arm of L. - T Shape - Most preferred. Primary and secondary sectors of fire. Armpit deep. - Horse Shoe - open end toward enemy, allows for 180 deg traverse across frontage but provides less frontal cover. - Two Hole - two one man fighting holes at 90 deg angles. Excellent protection but limited traverse. Gunner and A-Gunner switch roles between primary and alternate sectors of fire. |
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General Support
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That support which is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof.
Use of Fires - Company Commander Tactical Control - Wpns Plt Cmdr Admin & Log Cntl - Wpns Plt Cmdr |
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Direct Support
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Assigned the mission of providing the support requested directly to the supported unit.
Use of Fires - Supported Unit Leader Tactical Control - MG Squad/Section Leader Admin & Log Cntl - Wpns Plt Cmdr |
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Attached
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The organization to which a unit is attached assumes complete tactical and administrative control over the unit, subject to any limitations (usually time) stipulated in the attachment order.
Use of Fires - Supported Unit Leader Tactical Control - Supported Unit Leader Admin & Log Cntl - Supported Unit Leader |
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Classification of Offensive Fires
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1) Close Supporting Fires - Fires delivered against enemy objectives directly opposing the advance of the attacking rifle units
2) Long Range Fires - Fires that are delivered against targets to the rear of enemy forward position that may directly influence the main effort attack on the primary objective. 3) Flank Protection Fires - When the advance or location of a unit exposes their flank, the machine guns may be tasked with protecting it. 4) Fires in Support of Consolidation - Machine guns are used to protect the unit's consolidation and reorganization from enemy counter attack. |
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Displacement Considerations
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Method - Echelon or Unit
Objective - either assault location or secondary SBF. Route - most direct (time), by stealth (security) Time - When to displace; signal used |
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Task Organization - Weapons Platoon
LWCMS |
-Section Leader
>3 squads per section >1 M224 mortar per squad >3 Marines per squad • Table of Equipment (T/E): There are three M224 LWCMS mortars within the section and one per squad. • Total: 10 Marines. |
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Task Organization - Weapons Platoon
MG Section |
- Section Leader
>3 squads per section >2 MG teams per squad >3 Marines per MG team >1 M240 per team • T/E: There are six M240B medium machine guns per section, two per squad, and one per machine gun team. • Total: 22 Marines. |
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Task Organization - Weapons Platoon
Assault Section |
- Section Leader
>3 squads per section >2 Assault teams per squad >1 MK 153 SMAW per team >2 Marines per team • T/E: There are six MK153 SMAWs per section, two per squad, one per team. • Total: 13 Marines. |
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Task Organization - Weapons Company
81mm Mortar Platoon |
Plt HQ - 4
2 Sections w/7 per section >4 squads w/6 per squad • T/E: There are eight 81MM Mortars per platoon broken down into four mortars per section, and one per squad. • Total for the Platoon: 68. |
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Task Organization - Weapons Company
Anti Armor Platoon |
Plt HQ - 3
Javelin Section >2 squads >4 teams per squad w/1 javelin per team Antitank Section >4 squads >2 M220E4 TOW's per squad • T/E: The platoon is equipped with eight Javelin Missile systems located in the Javelin section and eight M220E4 TOW missile systems located in the Antitank section. • Total for the Platoon: 41. |
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Task Organization - Weapons Company
Heavy MG Platoon |
Plt HQ - 4
3 Sections >2 squads per section >1 M2 and 1 MK19 per squad • T/E: The platoon is equipped with six M2 .50 cal Browning Machine Guns and six MK19 mod 3 40MM Automatic Grenade Launchers. This is divided into two M2s and two MK19s per section, with each squad having one M2 and one MK 19. • Total for the Platoon: 28. |
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Task Organization - Scout Sniper Platoon
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Plt HQ - 2
2 Sections >2 teams per section >Six Marines per team • T/E: The platoon is equipped with eight M40A3 7.62 Sniper Rifles and four M82A3 SASRs. • Total for the Platoon: 26. |
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M224 60mm LWCMS
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Smoothbore, muzzle loaded, high angle of fire weapon.
• M225 Cannon 14.15 lbs • M170 Bipod 15.21 lbs • M64 Sight 2.5 lbs • M8 Baseplate 14.41 lbs • M7 Baseplate 3.6 lbs • SL-3 Complete 76.6 lbs Rate of fire: Max - 30 rds/min for 4 min Sus - 20 rds/min Max Effective Range - 3500m Ammo: • High explosive. • White phosphorus. • Illumination. • Practice. • Training. |
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M240B
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The M240B machine gun is an belt-fed, air-cooled, gas-operated, fully automatic machine gun that fires from the open bolt position.
Machine gun - 27.6 pounds Spare barrel case, SL-3 complete - 12.9 pounds Tripod, flex mount, and T&E - 20 pounds Total system - 47.6 pounds Length of MG - 49 inches Rifling - 4 grooves with a uniform right-hand twist. One turn in 12 inches. Rates of Fire: Sus - 100 rpm Rapid - 200 rpm Cyclic - 650 rpm Max Range - 3725m Max Eff Range - 1800m Grazing Fire - 600m Muzzle Velocity - 2800 fps |
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MK153 Shoulder Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)
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One-man operable, 83 mm smooth bore, shoulder-fired, rocket launcher with a spotting rifle attached to the right side of the launcher tube.
Ammo: -Practice Rocket. -HEDM (High Explosive Dual Mode) Rocket which is employed against bunkers and field fortifications. -HEAA (High Explosive Anti Armor) rocket, which is employed against armor vehicles. -NE (Novel Explosive) rocket, which is a thermobaric explosive and is employed against large field fortifications and structures. Range: Minimum 17 m Maximum 1800 m Maximum effective (HEDM) 250 m Maximum effective (HEAA) 500 m Time of flight to 250 m 1.6 sec Penetration capabilities: Bunker, sandbag, with wood rein 7 feet Brick 12 inches Concrete 8 inches Steel armor 1 inch Anti-armor round 23 inch/steel |
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M252 81mm Mortar
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The 81mm mortar, M252, is a smoothbore, muzzle loaded, and high angle of fire weapon.
• Cannon M253 35 lbs • Mount M177 27 lbs • Base-plate M3A1 25.5 lbs • Sight M64A1 2.25 lbs • SL-3 Complete: 89.75 lbs Rates of Fire: Max - 30 rds/min for 2 min Sus - 20 rds/min Max Effective Range - 5700m |
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Javelin
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Fire-and-forget weapon system (increases gunner survivability), soft launch (very small backblast), dual mode (top attack or direct fire), man-portable, medium antitank weapon.
Ranges: Max - 2000+m Max Eff - 2000m Min - 65m CLU: -Day Sight -Night Sight -Controls -Indicators Round Comp: -Propulsion section -Guidance and control section -Warhead and fuse section -Control surfaces and seeker section Capable of penetrating WELL in excess of 30in rolled homogeneous steel. |
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M220E4 TOW
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The tube launched, optically tracked, wire command link. Difference between TOW 1 and TOW 2; TOW 2 is all weather capable (TOW 1 limited in limited vis)
Complete weight - 265 lbs Missile - 50 lbs Ground mounted Rdy to Fire - 300 lbs Range: Min - 65m Max - 3750m Ammo: TOW 2A - 10in probe in front of warhead IOT detonate reactive armor. TOW 2B - fly-over shoot down; once missile is over it shoots two warheads down at tgt. Penetrates in excess of 36in of homogeneous steel. |
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M40A3
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Anti-Personnel
7.62 sniper rifle Max Effective - 1000m 3-12x50 5 round mag |
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M82A3 Special Application Scoped Rifle (SASR)
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Anti-Material
.50cal 32 lbs Max Effective - 1800m 10 round mag |
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AN/PAS-13B
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MWTS (Medium Weapon Thermal Sight)
HWTS (Heavy Weapon Thermal Sight) MWTS/HWTS Height - 6.25"/6.25" Width - 6.25"/6.25" Length - 15.5"/18" Weight - 4.19/4.55 FOV Narrow (deg) - 6/3 Wide (deg) - 18/9 Telescope Magnification NFOV - 5/10 WFOV - 1.66/3.3 *Doubled in zoom mode* |
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AN/PAS-13D
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MWTS ONLY
Weight - 2.9 lbs Length - 13.5in Width - 3.5in Height - 4.75in Operating Temp - -40F - 120.2F WFOV - 18 NFOV - 6 Range: Clear battlefield - 1100m Dirty battlefield - 360m |
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AN/PAS-22
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Ready time - less than or equal to 6.5min
Can detect human at > 3km Operator can recognize human at > 1km Can detect vehicle/tank at > 8km Operator can recognize vehicle/tank at > 2.3km |
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IED Definition
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A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract.
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Booby Trap
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An explosive or non-explosive device or other material, deliberately placed to cause casualties when an apparently harmless object is disturbed or a normally safe act is performed .
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Mine
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In land mine warfare, an explosive or material, normally encased,
designed to destroy or damage ground vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the passage of time, or by controlled means. |
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Components of IED
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- Main Charge
- Initiating System - Casing |
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IED Initiation Methods
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- Time
- Command - Victim |
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Tenets of IED Defeat
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1) Predict
2) Detect 3) Prevent 4) Avoid Activities 5) Neutralize 6) Protect |
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IED Found before Detonation
5 C's |
Clear
Confirm Cordon Check Control |
