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124 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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John-Martin Charcot |
The French neurologist who used hypnosis to prove physical symptoms could have psychological origins
Work Inspired Freud |
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Hysteria |
The term used to describe a wide variety of symptoms such as paralysis, loss of sensation, and disturbance of sight and speech |
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Post-Hypnotic Amnesia |
An inability to remember what one did under hypnosis
Though the memories can be recovered if one is insistent enough. Providing a foundation for Freud's theory that people can have memories that they aren't aware of |
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Post-Hypnotic Suggestion |
When a person performs an act that they were asked to do under hypnosis after recovering |
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Josef Breuer |
One of Freud's colleagues at University of Vienna who treated famous patient Anna O. |
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Anna O. |
(Bertha Pappenheim) A famous patient of Freud and Breuer who suffered from hysteria such as paralysis, hallucinations, suicidal impulses, and an inability to speak her native language
When she traced her symptoms back to their origins, they would alleviate.
Called the Talking Cure or Chimney Sweeping.
Eventually became a feminist, playwright, and children's author after a stint in a sanitorium |
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Transference |
The phenomenon in which a patient responds to an analyst as if they were an important person in the patient's life |
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Countertransference |
The phenomenon in which an analyst forms an emotional attachment to a patient |
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Free Association |
A psychoanalytic tool in which thoughts are related without censorship.
Freud developed it after noticing that some patients couldn't be hypnotized
Called it "the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis" |
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Freud's Ideas on Instincts and their Characteristics |
All of human personality is derived from biological instincts: the satisfaction of biological needs
All humans are Hedonists in that they seek pleasure and avoid pain
When all bodily needs are satisfied, there is pleasure, when one or more is not, there is discomfort
The main motive for all humans is to obtain the steady state in which all needs are satisfied |
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Four Characteristics of Instinct |
1) A Source (a bodily deficiency of some kind)
2) An Aim (to remove the deficiency and reestablish internal balance)
3) An Object (the experience or object that reduces or removes the bodily deficiency)
4) An Impetus (Determined by the magnitude of the deficiency |
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Libido |
The psychic energy concerned with the preservation of life |
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Eros |
The collective name of all life instincts |
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Thanatos |
The death instinct that stimulates a person to return to the inorganic state that preceded life |
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Divisions of the Mind |
Id Ego Superego |
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The Id |
Purely unconscious. Unadulterated and instinctual energy.
Seeks immediate gratification of bodily needs
Governed by the pleasure principle
Satisfies needs in two ways (Primary Processes)
1) Reflex Action - Responding automatically to a source of irritation (i.e. sneezing to a nose irritant)
2) Wish Fulfillment - The triggering of a image that temporarily reduces the need presented. This can only temporarily satisfy a need |
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The Ego |
The great compromiser
Operates in service of the Id. Attempts to match images of the id to real world events (Identification)
Governed by the reality principle
Is both conscious and unconscious
Secondary Processes- The realistic efforts of the ego to bring about true biological satisfaction
Ego must satisfy the id while not violating values of the superego |
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The Superego |
The moral arm of the personality
Develops from internalized patterns of reward and punishment a young child experiences, as well as phylogenetic experiences
Said to be fully developed when self-control replaces environmental or direct prenatal control
Two Divisions:
1) The Conscience - Internalized experiences for which the child had been consistently punished. Makes a person feel guilt or shame
2) Ego Ideal - Internalized experiences for which the child had been consistently rewarded. Makes a person feel pride or success
Constantly strives for perfection, making it as unrealistic as the id |
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Vitalism |
The belief that life consists of some vital force that can't be reduced to physical events |
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Psychic Energy |
Energy that can be transformed, rearranged, and shifted between different thoughts. Stays the same throughout a person's life |
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Cathexis |
The investment of psychic energy in thoughts or objects that satisfy a need
If a lot of energy is invested, intense longing occurs in dreams, fantasies, etc. |
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Anticathexis |
The energy expended by the superego to prevent unacceptable cathexes
The ego and superego team up to suppress anxiety causing cathexes resulting in a displacement of the unacceptable cathexis on a more appropriate object |
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Birth Trauma |
The anxiety we experience at birth, when we go from an environment of complete security and satisfaction to one less so
The most intense anxiety ever felt and the basis of all future anxiety |
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Function of Anxiety |
To warn us that we will be in danger if we continue acting or thinking as we are |
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Freud's three types of anxiety |
1) Reality Anxiety: Caused by real objective sources of danger. The easiest to reduce because doing so solves the problem
2) Neurotic Anxiety: The fear that the id will overpower the ego and the person will be punished (fear of external punishment)
3) Moral Anxiety: The fear that a person will do something contrary to the superhero and will feel guilt (fear of internal punishment) |
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Ego-Defense Mechanisms |
What the ego resorts to if the ego can't reduce anxiety through normal, rational approaches
All share 2 things:
1) They are unconscious, we are unaware we are using them
2) They falsify or distort reality |
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List of ego-defense mechanisms |
1) Repression 2) Displacement 3) Sublimation 4) Identification 5) Denial 6) Projection 7) Undoing 8) Reaction Formation 9) Rationalization 10) Intellectualization 11) Regression 12) Altruistic Surrender 13) Identification with the Aggressor |
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Repression |
When unconscious wishes, desires, impulses, etc. are kept away from the conscious
The most basic defense mechanism
Primal Repression: Repression of the id (protects us from basic urges that might overwhelm us)
Repression Proper: The repression of unacceptable derivatives or substitutions of original id impulse (protects us from acting in ways that would lead to punishment)
Repressed thoughts are not available to the conscious (are in preconscious) but still have an effect on the personality |
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Displacement |
The substitution of one need for another. A desire is repressed and replaced by something safer
Destroying others is a displacement of self-destruction |
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Identification |
The tendency to increase psychological worth by associating yourself with someone or something else |
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Denial |
The denial of some fact in one's life despite abundant evidence that it exists |
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Projection |
Repressing anxiety provoking truths about oneself and seeing them in others instead
Excusing one's shortcomings by blaming them on external factors |
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Undoing |
Engaging in ritualistic activities to atone for or "undo" thinking about or doing an unacceptable act |
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Reaction Formation |
The defense mechanism in which objectionable thoughts are repressed and their opposites are expressed
Separated from true feelings as these feelings are very much overexpressed
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Rationalization |
When a person explains or justifies behaviors or thoughts that would be otherwise anxiety producing. The ego uses faulty logic to excuse.
Sour Grapes Rationalization: Minimizing something you aspired to achieve
Sweet Lemon Rationalization: Glorifying something that wasn't overly attractive once you obtain it |
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Intellectualization (Isolation of Affect) |
An idea that would cause anxiety is stripped of its emotional content via intellectual analysis. The thought is not denied by the conscious but the negative emotions are |
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Regression |
When a person returns to an earlier stage of development when stressed |
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Altruistic Surrender |
A person minimalizes anxiety associated with making responsible decisions by vicariously identifying with another person and living according to their values |
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Identification with the Agressor |
When a person internalizes values and mannerisms of a feared person, reducing them as a threat |
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Psychosexual Stages of Development |
A sequence of developmental stages that all children go through, their experiences in these stages determine their adult personality
Freud believed that adult personality is fully formed by age 5 |
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Erogenous Zone |
The greatest source of stimulation during a particular stage of development |
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Fixation |
What happens when a child's experience during a stage of development is overly pleasurable or unpleasant
When a substantial amount of psychic energy remains cathected in images corresponding to a state of development
People who are fixated at a stage will display personality traits corresponding to that stage |
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Oral Stage |
(1st year of life) Erogenous zone is mouth.
Early Oral Stage: Up to 8 months. Pleasure comes from mouth, lips, and tongue through sucking and swallowing
Late Oral Stage: 8 months to 1 year. Pleasure comes from teeth, gums, and jaw through biting and devouring |
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Oral-Incorporative Character |
A person fixated in the early oral stage.
Will engage in oral activities such as eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing; symbolically they will "eat" by collecting things, being overly gullible, and listen well |
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Oral-Sadistic Character |
A person fixated in the later oral stage
Will engage in fingernail biting and eating; symbolically "bite" by being sarcastic, cynical, and participating in ridicule |
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Anal Stage |
2nd to 3rd year of life. Erogenous zone is anus/buttocks
Early anal stage: Pleasure comes from expulsion of feces
Late anal stage: Pleasure comes from possession of feces |
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Anal-Expulsive Character |
A person fixated in the early anal stage
May have physical problems such as enuresis and lack of sphincter control; symbolically they give everything away, are overly generous, and are creative |
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Anal-Retentive Character |
A person fixated in the late anal stage
May have physical problems such as constipation; symbolically may be stingy, frugal, overly orderly, or perfectionists |
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Phallic Stage |
4th to 5th year of life. Erogenous zone is phallus/penis (clitoris included).
Scene of the Oedipus complex |
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Oedipus Complex |
When children of both genders develop strong, erotic feelings for the mother |
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Male Oedipus Complex |
A boy develops strong, erotic feelings for the mother, sees the father as a threat and develops a hostility towards him, the boy identifies with the father reducing him as a threat and completing his superego
Complex resolves with the identification with the father |
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Female Oedipus Complex |
Females develop strong, erotic feelings for the mother. These feelings are reduced once daughter discovers she does not have a penis and blames mother for not giving her one. This drives the daughter to be attracted to father whom she knows has a penis. The female's sexuality turns from masculine to feminine when she fantasizes about having her father's baby
Complex resolves when the female has a male baby |
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Castration Anxiety |
When a boy fears losing his sex organs as they are thought to be the source of the conflict between his father and himself
Can happen because the boy sees that girls do not have penises and assumes that they had been taken away. Also can happen due to phylogenetic memories of actual castrations |
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Penis Envy |
The envy a female feels towards males because they have penises and she does not
Can last for years |
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Male Regression to Phallic Stage |
Displays many of father's characteristics. Is over concerned with manliness and virility. Brashness |
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Female Regression to Phallic Stage |
Penis Envy-related activities. Will seek to "share a penis" through promiscuity, or seductiveness; symbolically will castrate men by embarrassing, deceiving, or hurting them |
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Pre-Genital Stages |
The first three psychosexual stages, the most important in formation of personality
The personality is fully formed by end of phallic stage |
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Latency Stage |
6th year to 12th year. Sexual interests are displaced to substitute activities such as learning, athletics, and peer-group activities
Libidinal energy is sublimated |
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Genital Stage |
Final stage of development, begins at puberty. A person emerges from pre-genital stages as adult they are destined to become.
A child is transformed from a selfish, pleasure seeking child to a realistic, socialized adult
This stage typically leads to heterosexual tendencies, marriage, and childrearing |
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Freud's View of Feminine Psychology |
More enigmatic than male psychology
Females are inferior to males via society, biology
Have an incomplete superego as a result of not identifying with a parent in Oedipus stage |
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3 ways women respond to not having a penis |
1) Withdraw from sexuality all together and become frigid
2) Cling to masculinity and become homosexual or embrace feminism
3) Symbolically embrace father as sex object, displace these feelings onto other men, leading to heterosexual behavior and childbearing |
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Free Association |
Relating thoughts without censorship, especially if there is no desire to talk about a subject
Isn't truly free. Actually reflect repressed impulses that an analyst can reflect on |
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The job of psychoanalysis |
To uncover the unconscious mind |
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Resistance |
Resistance shown in a patient when an unconscious impulse, thought, etc. is about to be uncovered
Can appear as silence, long stories, missing sessions, telling carefully structured stories, etc |
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Dream Analysis |
The analysis of dreams for a glimpse into the unconscious |
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Freud's Ideas on Dreams |
A dream is caused when a day's events activate unacceptable impulses that want to be expressed consciously.
The ego censors the dream to be less threatening by distorting their meaning (Dream Work)
Symbols in dreams can come from waking life, childhood, or phylogenetic inheritance. Some are universal |
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Two types of Dream Work |
Condensation: When an element in a dream represents several ideas at once
Displacement: When an unacceptable dream-thought is replaced by a symbolical equivalent that is more acceptable (penises become baseball bats)
Dream Work allows dreams to have no meaning to the dreamer and pass through the censor. This bothers the logical ego, causing anxiety, resulting in the ego synthesizing dream symbols in a coherent fashion creating what we recall in a dream |
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Secondary Revision (Secondary Elaboration) |
When the ego synthesizes symbols found in a dream in a coherent way, which is what we remember from dreams |
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Manifest Content |
What we recall from a dream, what it appeared to be about |
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Latent Content |
The repressed thoughts seeking expression in a dream
This content can still be seen through dream work and secondary revision by a skilled observer |
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Memory of dreams is so short lived because |
They are threatening and get repressed |
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Parapraxes |
The manifestation of repressed thoughts in every day life
Accidents aren't accidents, they show the unconscious |
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Freudian Slip |
A slip of the tongue that reveals unconscious motives |
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Freud's thoughts on humor |
Humor is the expression of repressed thoughts in a socially acceptable fashion
They satisfy unacceptable impulses indirectly that would be shocking otherwise. Jokes that are too blatant are like nightmares, they aren't disguised enough.
We only laugh at jokes containing anxiety-provoking material (sex, elimination, death) |
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Freud's view on religion |
Humans invented god to act as a father figure to protect and make them less scared
Said it was infantile
Said the notion of an afterlife guaranteed that our struggles serve toward a greater purpose |
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Freud's view on human nature |
Humans are biological creatures
Humans have the same hedonistic tendencies and instincts as other animals
Humans should behave more rationally, this can be achieved through understanding the mind |
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The Conscious (Freud) |
The mind as we experience it |
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The Preconscious (Freud) |
The mind that can be voluntarily accessed |
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The Unconscious (Freud) |
The hidden mind where our identity lies |
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Libido (Jung) |
While Freud thought the Libido was purely sexual energy, Jung thought it was a biological life force that is concentrated on different problems as they arise
The drive behind the psyche |
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Psyche |
Jung's term for personality which is focused on biological and spiritual needs |
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Value |
How much libidinal energy is invested in a part of the psyche |
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Principle of Equivalence (1st Law of Thermodynamics) |
The amount of libidinal energy in a person is fixed, but can be transferred from one component of the psyche to another
When one aspect of the psyche has a surplus of libidinal energy, another aspect will suffer a deficiency
Without a balance, personality development will be uneven |
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Principle of Entropy (2nd Law of Thermodynamics) |
There is a constant tendency toward equalizing energy in a system (A hot cup of water and a cold cup of water will equalize in temperature when placed next to one another)
There is a tendency for all components of the psyche to have equal energy, creating a balance and equal representation in personality
This balance is hard to achieve and must be actively sought |
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Principle of Opposites |
For everything, there is a polar opposite (eg. Conscious and Unconscious; Spiritual and Animalistic)
When one aspect of the personality is developed, it is at the expense of its polar opposite (eg. When one becomes more masculine, they become less feminine) |
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The Goal of Life (Jung) |
To balance the polar opposites in our personalities |
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Jung's components of the psyche |
Ego: Everything of which we are aware
Personal Unconscious: Material that was once conscious but was repressed or forgotten. Contains Complexes
Collective Unconscious: The collective, universal experiences all humans have from their evolutionary past. Contains Archetypes |
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Complex (Schema) |
A personally disturbing constellation of ideas connected by common-feeling tone; An organized group of emotionally loaded and valued thoughts, memories, and perceptions united by a feeling.
Live in personal unconscious
Have disproportionate influence on the personality in the theme around which the complex is organized. Recurs over and over again in one's life
Most complexes have to do with, and a triggered by, relationship circumstances as they are very important to us
A complex can momentarily take over the personality |
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How a Complex is formed |
Complexes develop when our initial experience with them is significant, highly reinforcing, or traumatic
Complexes arise out of experiences that are regularly of pervasively hurtful (such as physical or emotionally destructive experiences) or uniquely reinforcing (such as attention or praise) |
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Why are complexes called "Emergency First Responders"? |
They help us organize our experience so that we are prepared to respond quickly if a similar situation arises
When a new experience resembles some part of an old, highly rewarding, frightening, or difficult experience, the whole complex pops into place, ready to initiate approach responses, take familiar precautions, or deploy well practiced defenses
Complexes use signs that resemble an old situation to warn us if something is bad or tell us if something is good. Then the complex pulls the new experience into it. |
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Constellating Power |
The power complexes have to pull new experiences into themselves and make them fit in |
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Over time, complexes include more experiences and are triggered by |
A larger range of circumstances |
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Word-Association Test |
How Jung tried to tap the personal unconscious by reading a list of 100 words which a patient responded as quickly as possible to look for Complex Indicators: Factors that indicate the presence of a complex |
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List of Complex indicators |
- Displaying a longer than usual response to a stimulus word - Repeating the stimulus word back as a response - Failing to Respond - Using Excessive Bodily Responses - Stammering - Continuing to respond to a previously used word - Reacting meaninglessly (eg. With made up words) - Reacting superficially through rhymes - Responding with more than one word - Misunderstanding the stimulus word as another word |
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On Word Association Tests, males and educated people would respond... |
Faster |
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On Word Association Tests, family members would respond... |
Similarly to other family members |
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Collective Unconscious |
The collective experiences all humans have from their evolutionary past. All of these experiences are universal |
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Archetypes |
An inherited predisposition to certain aspects of the world; Primordial images that we inherit that predispose us to react emotionally in certain ways
An archetype exists for every experience that is universal, one for everything that one believes every person must experience
Jung believed that archetypes should be acknowledged and expressed to live a fuller life
Most of our archetypes are unrecognized by us |
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List of Archetypes |
Shadow
Animus
Anima
Persona
Self
Wise Old Man - Father/God
Hero
Trickster
Victim
Great Mother
The Child, The Helpless One
Scholar
Priest
Emperor
Wanderer
The Mother, The Nurturing One
The Hunter |
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Persona |
How we are presented to other people based out of our collective unconscious as it is appropriate to social and cultural circumstances
Develops because of humans' need to play a role in society
Only displays a small portion of the psyche
Inflation of the Psyche: The situation in which the persona is too highly valued |
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Anima |
The female component of the psyche, based on experiences with women through eons
It causes feminine traits and provides a framework through which we can associate with women |
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Animus |
The masculine component of the psyche
Causes masculine traits and provides a framework through which we can associate with men |
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Why is it best for males and females to express the characteristics of the opposite sex? |
If they don't, the characteristics will appear in subconscious, irrational ways
However, over expression is bad |
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Shadow |
The darkest, deepest part of the psyche. The animalistic, immoral, aggressive, and passionate part of the collective unconscious
Seeks outward manifestation and is projected onto the world as devils, monsters, and evil spirits
The source of spontaneity and creativity, a person who doesn't use his shadow is dull and lifeless |
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Self |
The component of the psyche that attempts to harmonize all other comonents |
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Attitudes |
The two general orientations the psyche can take
1) Introversion 2) Extroversion |
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Introversion |
The orientation of the psyche is inward toward the subjective world of the individual
An introvert tends to be quiet, imaginative, and more interested in ideas than people |
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Extroversion |
The orientation of the psyche is outward toward the external environment
An extrovert tends to be sociable, outgoing, and interested in people and environments |
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Four Functions of Thought (Jung) |
How a person deals with the world and with information and experience
1) Sensing 2) Thinking 3) Feeling 4) Intuiting |
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Sensing |
Detects the presence of objects, indicates something is there but doesn't know what |
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Thinking |
Tells what an object is, gives names to objects that are sensed |
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Feeling |
Determines what an object is worth to a person, pertains to liking and disliking |
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Intuiting |
Provides hunches when factual information is not available
Used when you have to deal with strange circumstances where you have no knowledge
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Rational Functions |
Thinking and Feeling. Making judgments and evaluations about experiences
Thinking and Feeling are polar opposites, when you think you cannot feel |
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Irrational Functions |
Sensing and Intuiting. Occur independently of logical thought processes
These are polar opposites. Sensing occurs automatically because of the sensory mechanisms in your body; Intuiting involves a prediction made without sensory information |
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Jung's Stages of Development |
Centered around the focus of libidinal energy (what is important to a person at a time) rather than erogenous zones.
1) Childhood to Adolescence. Libidinal energy focused on learning to walk, talk, and other survival skills. Libidinal energy begins to focus on sex after age 5, peaks in adolescence.
2) Young Adulthood (Adolescence to Age 40). Libidinal energy is directed toward learning a vocation, getting married, raising children, relating to community life. An individual tends to be outgoing, energetic, impulsive, and passionate during this time
3) Middle Age (Age 40 to Later Years). A person is transformed from energetic, biologically driven person into a cultural, spiritual, philosophical person. Much more concerned about wisdom and meaning of life. Needs are found inside the person rather than outside. Some spiritual need must be satisfied. |
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Life's Goal (Jung) |
Self-Realization: A harmonious blending of the many components of the forces within the psyche.
This can never be fully achieved, and approximating it is a long process of self-discovery |
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Individuation |
The lifelong process of psychological maturity by which components of the psyche are recognized and given expression by an individual
The tendency towards self-realization
When we tear apart the personality we worked so hard in earlier life to create |
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Mandala |
Sanskrit word for circle. Jung's symbol for the Self
The self is the center of the circle that is the psyche, midway between the many polarities that make up the psyche |
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Causality |
An attempt to explain adult personality in terms of prior experiences, what a person will become is a function of what they already have been
Jung thought this an incomplete attempt |
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Teleology |
Human behavior has a purpose. Our behavior is drawn by the future as much as it is pushed by the past
To truly understand a person, you must understand their future goals or aspirations |
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Synchronicity |
Meaningful coincidences. Two events that wouldn't be meaningful on their own, occurring of separate causes, coming together in a meaningful way (you dream of somebody and then soon after see them in waking life)
When archetypes produce a need and it is satisfied by life. Causes emotional satisfaction
Jung said this was of great importance to a person's life |
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Jung's Interpretation of Dreams |
Viewed dreams as most important sources of information on the unconscious
Differed from Freud's thoughts about manifest and latent content; said the content of a dream is just what it appears to be
Said dreams contain symbols that require a knowledge of history, anthropology, religion, etc. to understand
Important function of dreams is to compensate for neglected parts of the psyche (If shadow is unexpressed, a person will have many nightmares) |
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Jung's View of Human Nature |
The psyche is imbedded in the past, present, and future
The psyche consists of many components that all seek to be brought into harmony
There is a need to fulfill a spiritual need for self-realization
Jung was optimistic about human destiny, while Freud was pessimistic |
