Organizational Psychology - Section 2: Training & Development Iv: Motivation (Professor Dr. Gibson)

Front 1

What is Motivation/Flow?

Back 1

"Motivation, that is, an energy or level of arousal, with direction, which is maintained over a period of time that affords us the ability to execute actions." - pg. 62

Front 2

What is Intensity?

Back 2

"The remaining key element that helps us define motivation. Intensity suggests a level of energy as well a time-line." - pg. 62

Front 3

What is Perseverance?

Back 3

The duration of motivation.

Front 4

What is Self-Determination Theory?

Back 4

"A relatively complex theory that incorporates several different motivation theories, [...] it considers basic needs, cognitive evaluations and self-regulation." - pg. 63

Front 5

According to Warr (2013), what 10 elements are needed to create a positive work environment?

Back 5

1.Opportunity for personal control

2. Opportunity for skill use

3. Variety

4. Environmental clarity

5. Valued social position

6. Externally-generated goals

7. Availability of money

8. Physical security

9. Supportive supervisor

10. Opportunity for interpersonal contact

- pg. 63

Front 6

The 10 elements needed to create a positive work environment (2013) can be sorted into how many groups? What are the names of the groups?

Back 6

If we were to group these elements, you will see three basic characteristics:

Competency: opportunity for skill use, variety,environmental clarity, and externally generated goals.

Autonomy: opportunity for personal control, variety, availability of money, and physical security.

Relatedness: a valued social position, supportive supervisor and opportunity for interpersonal contact.

- pg. 63

Front 7

What is Intrinsic Motivation?

Back 7

"Behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically rewarding."

Front 8

What is Extrinsic Motivation?

Back 8

"Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual."

Front 9

What is Amotivation?

Back 9

"When we are not motivated to do anything." - pg. 65

Front 10

What is Organizational Behaviour Management (OBM)?

Back 10

When "others use rewards and punishments to shape, or condition, one’s behaviour accordingly." - pg. 65

Front 11

What is the Over-Justification Effect?

Back 11

"When we are given a reward for doing something we would do without the reward, we come to believe we are doing it for the reward.When the reward is removed, we stop engaging in the behaviour." - pg. 66

Front 12

What is Normative Renumeration?

Back 12

"Expected rewards like payment." - pg. 66

Front 13

What is Introjected Regulation?

Back 13

"When we internalize the obligations set by others,that is, self-regulate. We do things to please others, to relieve guilt or anxiety, or to make ourselves feel better because we have come to internalize other people’s expectations." - pg. 66

Front 14

What is Identified Regulation?

Back 14

"When a person values or believes in the importance of the behaviour. That is, he or she identifies with the importance of the task itself." - pg. 67

Front 15

What is Equity Theory?

Back 15

"The idea that individuals are motivated by fairness, and if they identify inequities in the input or output ratios of themselves and their referent group, they will seek to adjust their input to reach their perceived equity."

Fairness: the idea that an action or decision is morally right, which may be defined according to ethics, religion, fairness, equity, or law.
Input Ratios: what we bring or believe we bring to the situation

Output Ratios: what we get out, in comparison to what others or we believe others bring and get out.

Front 16

What is Hertzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation

Back 16

"Also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory or Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation, concludes that there are certain factors in the workplace that can cause job satisfaction and a separate set of factors that can cause dissatisfaction."

Front 17

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Back 17

"Our motivations are built on one another such that they form a triangle. The more basic motivations,such as physiological needs form the base. When they are met, we go on to meet safety needs, then relatedness needs, then esteem needs and finally self-actualization needs." - pg. 70

Front 18

What is Alderfer's ERG Theory?

Back 18

A modified version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in which our needs are separated "into three components: existence needs,relatedness needs, and finally growth needs." - pg. 70

Front 19

What is Organizational Justice?

Back 19

"Organizational justice is the perception of fairness in the workplace." - pg. 70

Front 20

What do Self-Regulation Theories address?

Back 20

They "address volition or will, rather than choice or intention. After a goal or direction for action has been chosen, one must regulate one’s behaviour to reach that goal and maintain that direction." - pg. 71

Front 21

What is Goal-Setting Theory?

Back 21

Developed by Lewin, "one of the grandfathers of social psychology" in which the theory posits that "goals affect behaviour in four ways; they direct attention to a task, mobilize on-task efforts, enable us to persist, and facilitate cognitive strategies used to attain one’s goal." - pg. 71

Front 22

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Back 22

"Holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences."

Social Cognitive Theory's components include:

1. Self-Observation: encompasses our ability to monitor our actions in order that we may model another’s behaviour.
2. Self-Evaluation: ability to monitor our feedback processes.
3. Self-Reactions: our response to what we have learned about ourselves via self-evaluation and observation.

4. Self-Efficacy Expectations: whether we think we can do it.

- pp. 71-72

Front 23

What is Control Theory?

Back 23

"A model of behavior based on the principles of negative feedback" in which " an organism controls neither its own behavior, nor external environmental variables, but rather its own perceptions of those variables."

Front 24

What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?

Back 24

"A management model that aims to improve performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees."

Stage 1: managers and subordinates get together and jointly set goals with specific time lines.
Stage 2: the employee, independent of the manager, develops an action plan.
Stage 3: a performance appraisal should be conducted to evaluate the progress or success.

Stage 4: conclusions are drawn about the process and goals are abandoned,modified or created for a new time period.

- pg. 73

Front 25

What is Job Enrichment?

Back 25

"A way of regulating or changing the nature of the job to increase worker motivation." - pg. 73