Organizational Psychology - Section 2: Training & Development Ii: Perception, Social Cognition & Learning In Organizations (Professor Dr. Gibson)

Front 1

How does Reber (1985, p. 527) define perception?

Back 1

“Those processes that give coherence and unity to sensory input.” - pg. 46

Front 2

What does Reber (1985) note are the seven important factors associated with perception?

Back 2

Attention: that we must notice something before we perceive it.
Constancy: that objects retain permanence even though we may perceive them in different orientations.

Organization: the notion that how we arrange objects or sensory information influences our perception of the sensory information.

Set: the cognitive or affective disposition we have when observing the sensory data.

Learning: the permanent change in behaviour due to experience, that is, how we are changed by what we perceive.

Distortion, Hallucination & Illusion: variations or creations of sensory input related to psychological and physical aspects of the perceiver and the perceived.

- pg. 46

Front 3

What is the Mere Categorization Effect?

Back 3

"When comparisons and contrasts are made because of a belief (a set) about the affiliated categories, our perception of the objects changes." - pg. 46

Front 4

What is the Forgas Affective Infusion Model?

Back 4

"A theoretical model in the field of human psychology. Developed by Joseph Forgas in the early 1990's, it attempts to explain how mood affects one's ability to process information."

"A mood can permeate our reasoning and influence our responses." - pg. 47

Front 5

What does the Affective State do to our perceptions?

Back 5

"It sets the stage, it is a psychological set, that influences how we perceive, organize,and interpret sensory input." - pg. 47

Front 6

What is Social Information Processing Deficit?

Back 6

The deficit in which ambiguous situations as interpreted as hostile, dishonourable, or negative, based on past negative experiences.

Front 7

What are Self-Fulfilling Prophecies?

Back 7

Otherwise known as Behaviour Confirmation, Cognitive Confirmation, Pygmalion Effect, and Golem Effect, a self-fulfilling prophecy "is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior."

Front 8

What is a Stereotype?

Back 8

"A mental short cut, or generalization about a person based on a belief about a characteristic of that person. The generalization is a short cut used to understand and make predictions about that person’s behaviour." - pg. 47

Front 9

What is a Representative Heuristic?

Back 9

"When we fill in missing information with things." - pg. 47

"Used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty. They are mental shortcuts that usually involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others."

Front 10

What is Stereotype Threat?

Back 10

"A situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group."

Front 11

What is Confirmation Bias?

Back 11

"When one forms a belief or hypothesis about the world and then only sees and collects information that confirms that belief or hypothesis." - pg. 49

Front 12

What is Fundamental Attribution Error?

Back 12

"A tendency predominately found in individualistic cultures to initially attribute people’s behaviour to dispositional factors." - pg. 50

Front 13

What is Explicit Knowledge?

Back 13

"Knowledge that can be readily articulated, codified, accessed and verbalized. It can be easily transmitted to others."

Example: "You read a manual on how to do a task, or a colleague explains it to you." - pg. 50

Front 14

What is Tacit Knowledge?

Back 14

"The kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge)."

Example: "You watch someone do it, or you learn as you do it." - pg. 50

Front 15

What is Classical Conditioning?

Back 15

"Learning by pairing new information with automatic behaviours or responses. In classical conditioning terms, one pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus." - pg. 50

Front 16

What is Operant Conditioning?

Back 16

"The principle that any behaviour that is followed by a reinforcement will increase in frequency. Behaviours that are followed by punishment will decrease in frequency." - pg. 52

Front 17

What is Social Learning Theory?

Back 17

"Posits that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement"

"It is called social learning theory because one learns from others. It is also referred to as cognitive social learning theory, observational learning and modeling." - pg. 52

Front 18

What is Organizational Learning according to Appelbaum and Gallagher (2000)?

Back 18

"How individuals within organizations recognize best work practices and then come to understand how those practices are best realized thereby facilitating a means for others to learn such practices." - pg. 52

Front 19

What is Organizational Learning according to McShane et al (2015)?

Back 19

"The acquisition, sharing and use of knowledge within organizations." - pp. 52-53