Nutrition Test 2

Front 1

Explain how proteins help to regulate the quantity of fluids in the components of the body to maintain fluid and how they maintain the electrolyte balance.

Back 1

Cell proteins help regulate the quantity of fluids and maintain electrolyte balance by holding fluids and electrolytes in their proper chambers. Proteins cannot diffuse freely into and out of cells. Also, protein attracts water.




Cells retain the fluid they need by maintaining stores of internal proteins and also of some minerals. cells retain the fluid they need. This also prevents proteins from passing across capillary walls which could cause too much fluid to develop in the spaces between the cells of tissues, causing edema.




Transport proteins in the membranes of cells maintain a composition that is vital to life by continuously transferring substances into and out of cells. For example, sodium is concentrated outside the cells, and potassium is concentrated inside. A disturbance of this balance can impair the action of the heart, lungs, and brain, triggering a major medical emergency.

Front 2

Why would you advise someone to not take amino acids supplements?

Back 2

1. It is hard to improve on nature. The body knows how to break whole proteins up into manageable pieces, and then splits them a little at a time, releasing them into the blood.
2. Chemically similar amino acids compete for carriers that absorb them into the blood. An excess of one amino acid a can tie up a carrier and disturb amino acid absorption.
These absorption problems can lead to digestive disturbances, excess water in the digestive tract, and an increased need for thiamin.
3. There may be impurities in the amino acids that can do unknown damage. No safety research exists and the DRI has not been able to set a Tolerable Upper Intake Level. So, benefits of amino acids cannot be scientifically proven, but adverse effects of taking them can be proven.

Front 3

Describe the process a cell goes through in synthesizing a specific protein. How does a cell know which protein to make? Why do different proteins have different functions?

Back 3

The DNA serves as a template to make strands of a messenger RNA (mRNA). Each mRNA strand copies exactly the instructions for making some protein the cell needs.

Front 4

He is averaging 240 grams of protein a day. Discuss the short and long term consequences of his protein intake, if any.

Back 4

Some consequences of his protein intake are growth or altered metabolism. These kinds of liquid protein diets have lead to the death of many users and heart problems in the others. Again, the DRI has not been able to set upper intake levels for protein supplements.
Not knowing total protein intake outside of his drink, I will assume that his overconsumption of protein poses a risk to his heart, kidneys, and bones. Purified protein causes calcium to be spilled from urine. The best way to "bulk up" is to do rigorous physical training with a protein and carb snack after lifting. How much protein does he need? What do you mean about consequences being growth...in what way? How would it alter metabolism?

Front 5

Describe the conditions under which amino acids would be wasted (that is, not used to build protein).

Back 5

1. When the body does not have enough energy from other sources.

2. When the diet provides more protein than the body needs.

3. When the body has too much of any single amino acid, such as from a supplement.

4. When the diet supplies protein of low quality, with too few essential amino acids.

Front 6

Describe and differentiate between the causes and symptoms of Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

Back 6

Marasmus and Kwashiokor are 2 different ways protein-energy malnutrition presents.
Marasmus-shriveled and lean all over. Caused by chronic inadequate food intake and therefore inadequate energy, vitamins, and minerals as well as too little protein. Most commonly found in children ages 6 to 18 months in areas where the only sustenance is a weak cereal drink which barely supports life, let alone growth. Brain development is stunted and learning is impaired. Metabolism is extremely slow and body temperature is subnormal. The child may be no larger at age four than at age two. Skin cracks and sores develop, and then fail to heal. Dysentary can set in, depleting even more nutrients from the child.
Digestive enzymes needed for proper absorption are not provided in the diet, the GI tract lining deteriorates and absorption fails. Hemoglobin is no longer produced, the child is anemic and weak. The body breaks down antibodies to provide amino acids for other uses, exposing the child to invading bacteria with little or diminished antibodies to fight against it.
Kwashiokor-swollen belly and skin rash. Can be caused by severe acute malnutrition, with too little protein to support body functions. Can resemble Marasmus. Is due to an "evil spirit that infects the first child when the second is born", causing the mother to wean the first child from breast milk and to place it on the watery cereal. Like Marasmus, protein, hormones and electrolytes go unbalanced. Lack of protein destroys the fluid balance, and the fluid from the blood leaks into the belly and legs, causing edema. Their livers are fatty and enlarged, because there is no protein to attach to the fat to remove it from the liver. The liver is then no longer capable of clearing toxins from the body. These children may have patchy skin, lose their hair, and also have sores that fail to heal.

Front 7

What are the advantages to eating a vegetarian diet? What are the major nutrition concerns with a vegan diet? How can they be minimized?

Back 7

The nutrient of major concern in a vegan diet is vitamin B12 as it only comes in animal products. Vegans can consume fermented soy but the best source is vitamin B12 fortified foods such as soy milk or breakfast cereals or pills that contain it. PG 211

Front 8

Calculate your protein RDA. Show all work. a. Compare your protein needs with your average intake from your 2 day nutrient analysis. b. What are the potential consequences of your protein intake if you continued to eat as you did on these two days? Answer:

Back 8

Your upper limit of protein would be 35% if you were consuming the amount of calories you needed. I doubt you were consuming an adequate amount of calories for your assessed needs at 909.5 calories/day.

Front 9

Identify four factors that determine the body's response to protein. Describe each.

Back 9

The body's state of health,

the other nutrients and energy taken with the protein,

and the protein's quality(digestibility and amino acid composition).


The body's state of health-malnutrition or infection may increase the body's need for protein intake. At this time, it is difficult to even eat normal amounts of food. However, if protein is not increased it can lead to malnutrition, digestive enzymes are not secreted readily enough. The GI tract lining can deteriorate leading to impaired protein digestion and absorption.
The other nutrients taken with protein-to be used efficiently, the protein intake must be accompanied by "a full array" of vitamins and minerals.
Protein quality-determined by protein's digestibility and it's amino acid composition. Amino acids from animal proteins are the most easily digestible, next are legumes, then grains and other plant foods. Cooking with moist heat improves digestibility also. If the diet lacks enough essential amino acids, the cells will begin to adjust their activities. The body will begin to conserve it by "limiting the breakdown of their working proteins and reducing their use of amino acids for fuel."

Front 10

Protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and ________ and is largely organized using 20 different building blocks called ___________.

Back 10

nitrogen, amino acid

Front 11

Protein rich foods are commonly lacking in the nutrients ______________ and ____________. Protein rich foods are high in vitamin ___________ and the mineral __________.

Back 11

Vitamin C, Folate, B12, Iron

Front 12

Which of the following makes amino acids differ in size, shape and electrical charge?

Back 12

side chain

Front 13

According to the U.S. Committee on the RDA, the recommended maximum intake of protein for a 20 year old male is

Back 13

0.8 gm/kg body weight.

Front 14

Which of the following persons is in positive nitrogen balance?

Back 14

A 7 year old

Front 15

Of the following foods, which contains amino acids that are best digested and absorbed?

Back 15

chicken

Front 16

Heavy use of soy products in place of meat may severely inhibit ________ absorption.

Back 16

iron

Front 17

Amino acids are wasted (not used to build protein) whenever

Back 17

paste

Front 18

Examples of complementary protein combinations include all the following except

Back 18

pasta with tomato sauce.

Front 19

An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. This practice does not work because

Back 19

answer

Front 20

Why are African-American children living in New York City more likely to develop rickets?

Back 20

The pigments of dark skin reduce Vitamin D synthesis. For darker skinned people, longer exposure to sunlight is necessary.

The ultraviolet rays of the sun that promote Vitamin D synthesis can't penetrate clouds, smoke, and smog, and New York City has lots of smog.

New York is also a northern city. Even otherwise healthy adults living in northern areas who drink milk fortified with Vitamin D have low blood calcium levels of Vitamin D at the end of winter.

Front 21

Identify specific diseases associated with vitamin E deficiency and describe why they have this effect.

Back 21

The malabsorption of fat is caused by the diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas....it does not cause them.

Front 22

Explain how the B vitamins are related to heart disease.

Back 22

People can inherit a rare disorder that raises the level of homocysteine, an amino acid which is associated with deficiencies in folate and other b vitamins. These people almost invariably suffer from an early form of cardiovascular disease. One can have elevated homocysteine in the blood without being genetically predisposed, however.

There has been evidence of a drop in cardiovascular disease since the US blood values of folate have risen in with the enrichment of food with folate that started in the 1990s. A deficiency of Vitamin B causes excess homocysteine to build up, and re-introducing these causes a drop in homocysteine levels. It is unknown, however, whether the effects directly lead to heart disease.

Front 23

Sharon is a 22 year old college student. Why should her folate intake be of particular concern for her? What has the U.S. government done to try to improve the national consumption of this vitamin?

Back 23

Sharon is a 22 year old college student. Why should her folate intake be of particular concern for her? What has the U.S. government done to try to improve the national consumption of this vitamin? The DRI committee recommends that all women of child bearing age consume 400 micrograms of folate in addition to the folate of her daily foods. Ten major groups of drugs interfere with folate absorption. (antacids and aspirin relatives.) Also, if she is on an oral contraceptive or if she smokes she will also have problems absorbing the folate.

Front 24

Describe the major considerations that should be used in choosing an appropriate multinutrient supplement.

Back 24

Liquid, chewable, or pills. Review the DRI nutrient intakes applicable to you. Try to get supplements with just the needed nutrient only, or in combination with a reasonable dose of the others. Do not take a supplement that when combined with your diet would cause you to exceed the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for any vitamin. If you chose an iron supplement, chose foods that will help in its absorption.

Front 25

Describe the body's two main systems of defense against damage from free radicals.

Back 25

Antioxidants and white blood cells. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, which, by being oxidized itself "quenches" free radicals and protects vulnerable cell components and membranes from destruction.
**For free radicals, the index refers me to pages 224 and 225. There are no "systems" discussed that defend us from free radical damage.

Front 26

A disease that produces __________ malabsorption can bring about deficiencies of vitamins A,D,E and K.

Back 26

fat

Front 27

An uninformed vegan is at special risk for developing ___________ deficiency

Back 27

B12

Front 28

Vitamin C supplements enhance the absorption of ______, making overload likely in some people.

Back 28

iron

Front 29

Studies suggest that people whose diets lack such foods as carrots, pumpkin, acorn squash, spinach and broccoli have a higher incidence of ___________, a disease of the eye.

Back 29

macular degeneration

Front 30

Enriched grains contain specific amounts of thiamin, iron, _______ and _________, mandated by federal regulations.

Back 30

niacin, folate

Front 31

Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin share a common function in the body in _________,

Back 31

enery metabolism

Front 32

By definition, a vitamin is all the following except

Back 32

a non-essential nutrient

Front 33

A non-food source of Vitamin K is

Back 33

intestinal bacteria

Front 34

Foods rich in beta carotene include

Back 34

spinach

Front 35

Which of the following is the most potentially toxic of all vitamins?

Back 35

D

Front 36

Which of the following is not one of the functions of vitamin C?

Back 36

Maintains bone density.

Front 37

Populations consuming high intakes of vegetables and fruit rich in antioxidant nutrients have low rates of

Back 37

cancer

Front 38

If someone did not meet the recommended intakes of the fat-soluable vitamins one day, you should tell him to

Back 38

not be concerned as long as his diet as a whole meets the DRI over time.

Front 39

not be concerned as long as his diet as a whole meets the DRI over time.

Back 39

People choosing a variety of whole foods.

Front 40

General characteristics of water-soluable vitamins include all of the following except they

Back 40

are stored extensively in body tissues.

Front 41

Which vitamins function as antioxidants? (Check all that apply.)

Back 41

Vitamin C and E

Front 42

Dairy products are rich sources of _____. (Check all that apply.)

Back 42

Vitamin A
Riboflavin
Vitamin D

Front 43

Identify and explain factors involved in regulating water intake and excretion.

Back 43

The more water the body needs the less, it excretes. The brain regulates water intake (controls thirst and satiety), the brain and kidneys regulate water excretion.
The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release a hormone that directs the kidneys to shift water back into the bloodstream from the pool destined for excretion.

Front 44

Would you discourage someone from purchasing a water softener? Provide a rationale for your answer.

Back 44

Yes. Some evidence suggests that soft water may aggravate hypertension and heart disease. Mineral rich hard water may oppose this risk because of it's calcium content.
Soft water more easily dissolves some harmful metals such as cadmium, and lead from pipes. Cadmium is suspected of promoting bone fractures, kidney problems, and hypertension. Avoiding dangerous lead is accomplished by running the cold water tap from a minute to flush out harmful chemicals before use in the morning, or if there has been no water drawn in the last 6 hours.

Front 45

What are the major risk factors for developing osteoporosis? Do you have any of them? What can you do to reduce your risk for developing this disease?

Back 45

Too little calcium stored in the skeleton during childhood and young adulthood predicts one's susceptibility to osteoporosis.
Gender-Men have greater bone density at maturity than women. Women also have great losses during menopause.
Idleness-muscle seems to promote bone strength.
Smokers are at risk. Blood levels of Vitamin D and bone-related hormones in smokers favor decreased calcium absorption and increased bone destruction.
High protein diet. Excess dairy protein causes the body to excrete calcium in the urine.
Sodium, Caffeine, Soft Drink, Vitamin K, and Homocysteine intake. High sodium intake is associated with urinary calcium excretion.
Being underweight also carries a risk of osteoporosis.
My only risk factor is the caffeine intake. I have no shortage of estrogen and have never had amenorrhea, no anorexia nervosa. Drink more milk. Continue weight training.

Front 46

previous question

Back 46

Idleness or lack of physical activity has more to do with weight bearing activity rather than the muscle itself.

I think you mean excess dietary protein....not dairy protein. Dairy is good for bones.

Front 47

Explain the rationale for the following statement: "The way to keep body salt and water weight under control is to control salt intake and drink more, not less, water."

Back 47

When blood sodium is up, thirst ensures that people will drink water to relieve thirst. The kidneys then excrete the extra water and a little extra sodium. So, eating too much salt or drinking too much water would cause a gain in water weight, but a healthy body excretes excess water immediately, and it excretes excess salt as soon as enough water has been consumed to carry the salt out of the body. Drinking too much water without too much salt would end up with the water just being excreted and would not result in a gain in water weight after a few hours.

Front 48

Review your average nutrient intake form.

a. For which minerals did you not meet 100% of your DRI/RDA?
b. List three food sources that you could add to your diet and would regularly eat to improve your intake of each mineral.
c. List your two day average intake of sodium. If you salt your food, increase that amount by 25 to 50%. If your diet exceeded the WHO upper limit guidelines for sodium, discuss how you could reduce your intake of this mineral.

Back 48

a. Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Iron b. Calcium-broccoli, black eyed peas, more milk Magnesium-spinach, black beans, yogurt Potassium-banana, orange juice, avocado Iron-black beans, enriched cereal, spinachc. 2376.9+3789.3=6166.2/2=3083.1. I do not salt my food. I do have too much sodium intake, though. I can reduce it by avoiding heavily processed foods like the sweet and sour chicken and the pizza. Do more raw foods, salads, eating more veggies and fruits would fill me up allowing me to eat smaller portions of heavily processed foods when I do eat them. The DASH diet could help a lot. I don't eat a lot of red meat right now.

Front 49

Describe the characteristics of the DASH diet. For what purpose was the DASH diet developed?

Back 49

DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension)
The Diet was developed to lower the risk of being hypertensive by reducing sodium intake. The Diet consists of large amounts of fruits and veggies, nuts, fish , whole grains and low-fat dairy products. Salt and sodium are greatly reduced as is red meat.
Excess sodium also increases calcium excretion. It may also stress a weakened heart or aggravate kidney problems

Front 50

a necessary component of 100's of enzymes

Back 50

zinc

Front 51

most abundant mineral in the body

Back 51

calcium

Front 52

component of gastric juice

Back 52

chloride

Front 53

helps hold protein strands in a particular shape

Back 53

sulfur

Front 54

necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine

Back 54

iodine

Front 55

electrolyte found largely inside cells

Back 55

potassium

Front 56

stabilizes bones; makes teeth resistant to decay

Back 56

flouride

Front 57

ion used to maintain fluid volume outside cells

Back 57

sodium

Front 58

component of hemoglobin

Back 58

iron

Front 59

Under normal dietary and environmental conditions adults should consume between ________ milliliters of water for each calorie spent during the day.

Back 59

1.0-1.5

Front 60

Table salt is composed of

Back 60

answer

Front 61

Sulfur is adequate in a diet that contains adequate

Back 61

protein

Front 62

The first sign of dehydration is

Back 62

thirst

Front 63

Zinc absorption is decreased by

Back 63

answer

Front 64

Which of the following can cause potassium depletion?

Back 64

answer

Front 65

High intakes of sodium have been associated with increased risk for

Back 65

hypertension

Front 66

How much sodium is consumed by a person who eats three grams of salt?

Back 66

1200 mg

Front 67

__________ are excellent food sources of potassium.

Back 67

Most whole fruits and vegetables

Front 68

Your best friend complains that she is tired all of the time and has a problem concentrating. In addition, she likes to chew ice. Which of the following is your friend likely to have?

Back 68

iron deficiency

Front 69

After age 65, calcium absorption declines because

Back 69

the kidneys do not activate vitamin D as well as they used to.

Front 70

Why should someone take small doses of calcium supplement throughout the day rather than a large dose at one time?

Back 70

Divided doses enhance the total amount of calcium absorbed in a day's time

Front 71

How would you respond to an advertisement for a weight loss diet that claims that certain foods can elevate the BMR and thus promote weight loss? How can someone change his or her BMR?

Back 71

I would say that certain foods cannot elevate the BMR. The best way to speed up your BMR is to build lean tiusse which is more metabolically active than fat tissue. Make strength building and endurance activities part of your daily habits in order to try to elevate your BMR.
Eating certain foods doesn't help. Eating ANY foods will step up your energy expenditure due to the thermic effect of food.

Front 72

Why is excess fat that collects in the central abdominal area of the body especially dangerous to a person's health?

Back 72

There are differences in fat mobility. Visceral fat is readily released into the bloodstream and may contribute to the blood's cholesterol carrying LDLs which can significantly increase the risk of heart disease.
Moderate to high intakes of alcohol are associated with fat in the central abdominal area.

Front 73

Keith needs 3000 Kcal. per day to maintain his weight. Show all work.

a. Theoretically, how many calories should he consume each day to lose 2 pounds in 4 weeks?

b. If he lost 6 pounds in the last month (30 days), approximately how many calories per day has he been consuming?

Back 73

a. One lb of body weight equals 3500 kcals. To lose two pounds, he must reduce intake by 7000 calories over the next 4 weeks.
7000/28 (4 weeks of 7 days)=250kcal/day must be cut from his intake to lose 2 lbs in 4 weeks.
b. 6 lbs *3500kcal=21,000kcal/30days=700kcal/day. He has been consuming 2100 kcals per day (3000-700).

Front 74

Define ketone bodies and describe what happens when the body goes into ketosis.

Back 74

Ketone bodies are acidic compounds derived from fat and certain amino acids. Normally rare in the blood, they help to feed the brain during times when too little carbohydrate is available.
After starving oneself for a significant time, the liver's glycogen stores are depleted. The body then begins to use it enzymes to convert protein in lean tissue to glucose for energy. Blood proteins, heart and lung tissue begin to be burned for fuel. Next the body converts fat into compounds that the nervous system can adapt for use. This process is ketosis

Front 75

Describe strategies that can help someone effectively gain body weight.

Back 75

No amount of special protein supplements can speed the gain of lean tissue. Only half an ounce of lean tissue per weight gained each day can be expected.
If you are a smoker, you should quit as smoking makes taste buds and sense of smell less sensitive, and smells and tastes of food won't entice you to eat.
Strength training and a nutritious energy dense high calorie diet are the best ways to gain muscle and fat. These would be foods high in unsaturated fat. Peanut butter instead of lunch meat, flavored drinks instead of milk. Increase portion sizes little by little. An extra slice of meat or cheese here and there. Eat frequently. Have calorie dense healthy snacks in between your 3 daily meals.

Front 76

Explain the potential hazards that can accompany a low-carbohydrate intake.

Back 76

A low-carbohydrate diet can produces chronic ketosis which comes with a loss of vitamins and minerals, impaired mood, and inadequate glycogen stores to feed the brain or support vigorous physical activity.

Front 77

Describe what is meant by the female athlete triad.

Back 77

The female athlete triad is comprised of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Female athletes compare themselves against unsuitable weight standards. This presents a problem because female athletes must have more lean muscle mass in order to perform the activities such as dancing, gymnastics, and figure skating.

Front 78

Two people try to lose weight. Kristie restricts her calorie intake to 500-700 fewer calories per day than she used to eat. Ashley decides to fast for two weeks. Compare what will happen to each person. How does each fuel their body's need for energy? What are the likely short-term and long-term consequences for each woman?

Back 78

Kristie should lose a pound every 5 to 7 days. Ashley will lose a lot of weight right away, but may turn to binging and purging after starving herself. If she can successfully starve herself (no binging and purging), her body will likely begin ketosis, causing damage to her vital organs. Ashley will be irritable and probably have a hard time focusing as there will be no "food" for her brain to function properly. In the long run, instead of burning fat, her body will resign itself to adapting fat compounds in order try to feed her brain. This drastic diet style may lead Ashley down a road of anorexia nervosa or bulimia.
I don't know Kristie's current height and weight or her BMI, but she should check those things to make sure her goals are in line with a healthy weight. She should not plan to just cut calories for two weeks, because she will mostly likely regain the weight if she stops watching calories. Rapid weight gain and loss can be hard on the body. She needs to calculate what her intake should be to maintain a healthy body weight, and then maintain the healthy caloric intake required therewith.
There are emotional cycles that come with weight gain and weight loss for both women, with their coping skills (fasting or cutting calories) determining their ability to stop the vicious cycle of dieting.
Kristie should also be cutting calories from the right areas of her diet, and she should be exercise, otherwise she might just lose her lean muscle mass which can slow her efforts to lose weight

Front 79

After studying Chapter 9, how do you answer the question: Should all adults who are obese try to lose weight? Defend your position.

Back 79

No, not all adults who are obese should try to lose weight. The book gives a good example on page 320 of a body builder who has a BMI over 30, which is "officially obese." He is only 8 percent body fat, so if he did try to lose weight, he would most likely begin losing muscle.
The obesity BMI cannot be evenly applied to athletes, pregnant and lactating women, and adults over 65.
BMI is an indicator or health risk but is not the be-all and end-all of weight goals. Further testing can be necessary, as with the body builder mentioned above who was further measured to discover that he was only 8 percent body fat.

Front 80

Which of the following are part of basal metabolism? 1. blood circulation 2. respiration 3. body temperature maintenance 4. food digestion 5. physical activity 6. glandular activity 7. muscular work

Back 80

1,2,3, and 6

Front 81

All of the following are involved in signaling satiation except

Back 81

the heart

Front 82

Susie has been overweight for many years. She tends to eat when she is not really hungry and eats more food when she is angry or depressed. Which of the following theories could explain Susie's problem of being overweight?

Back 82

external cue theory

Front 83

Central to the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is

Back 83

a distorted body image

Front 84

Characteristics of bulima include all of the following except

Back 84

the victim is unaware that her behavior is abnormal.