Nursing Research Midterm

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conceptual definition

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the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. i.e. hardiness, comfort, caring

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Operational definition

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-Specifies how a variable will be defined, measured.

-The operations a researcher must perform to collect and measure the desired information.

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Cause-and-effect (causal)

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Relationship (e.g. cigarette smoking and lung cancer). When the IV causes or affects the DV.

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Functional (associative)

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Relationship (e.g. gender and life expectancy). Variables are related in a noncausal way.

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Independent variable

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the presumed CAUSE (of a dependent variable)- influence on the dependent variable

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Types of Variables (4 types)

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Continuous (height weight, B/P): infinite range of values
Discrete (number of children): a #. Can't have fractions. Only 3 kids, not 3.5
Categorical (>2 categories, job rank, marital status, low/med/high). Distinct categories
Dichotomous (young/old, male/female, child/adult, high/low, yes/no)

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Florence Nightingale contributed what to research?

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Data collection and analysis. She did descriptive research

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Positivist Paradigm

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Associated with quantitative research, objective, regular orderly, happens for a reason, DEDUCTIVE, logical

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Naturalistic Paradigm

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Associated with qualatative research. Not fixed reality, subjective, reality constructed by the individuals, INDUCTIVE

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Quantitiatve

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numeric info
scientific method
emperical evidence'
Gengeralizability

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Qualitative

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understanding the human experience, subjective, narrative, flexible, evovle in the field. Seeks patterns, INDUCTIVE, Context bound

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Purpose of nursing research

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Identification
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Prediction
Control

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Research Utilization

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overlapping with EBP. Starts with researched innovation that gets evaluated for possible use in practice. Transition of knowledge to real life situtations

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Evidence based practice

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Starts with a clinical question. Broader than RU. Clinical experience and research together.

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Two types of Systematic reviews

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1) Meta-analyses of RCT's
2) EB clinical practice guidlines

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Meta-analyses

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technique for integrating quantitatve research statistically - statisical analysis

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EB clinical practice guidelines

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Give practice recs for CPGs
Developed by clinicians

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Appraisal of Evidence

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How good is your evidence?

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Subjects, Concepts (variables), theroretical framework (conceptual model), relationships (cause and effect), Deductive reasoning

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In quantiative research

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Informant or key informant, concepts (phennomena), conceptual framework (sensitizing framework), inductive reasoning

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In qualatative research

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Independent variable

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the cause

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Dependent variable

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the effect of the cause. the outcome variable

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Independent--> Dependent variable

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Cause-->of outcome
IV-------> DV

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What is the definition of conceptual ?

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the abstract or theorectical meaning of a concept being studied. i.e. hardiness, comfort, caring

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What is the definition of operational?

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specifies how a variable will be defined, measured.
the operations a researcher must perform to collect and measure the desired information.

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Cause-and-effect (causal)

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relationship (e.g. cigarette smoking and lung ca)
Smoking causes lung ca

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Functional (associative)

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relationship (e.g. gender and life expectancy)
Women live longer than men.

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Problem statement

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-Articulates the problem to be addressed
-Indicates the need
-Provides the argument

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Problem statements should include:

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-Should ID the nature, context and significance of problem being addressed
-Should be braod enough to include central concerns
- Should be narrow enough to serve as a guide to study design

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Statement of purpose

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The researcher's summary of the overall study goal

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Research aims or goals

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The specific accomplishments to be achieved by conducting the study

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Statement of purpose in quantitative studies:

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ID's: key study variables, possible relationships among the variables.
Indicates the population of interest
Suggest through the use of verbs (to test, to compare, evaluate....) the nature of the inquiry

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Statement of purpose in qualitative studies:

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ID's: central phenomenon
Indicates the research tradition (grounded theory, ethnographay) and group of interest
Nature of inquiry (to decribe, to discover, to explore)

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hypothesis

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the researcher's predictions about relationships among the variables

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Qualitative studies, pose queries link to research tradition...

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-grounded theory
-phenomenology
-ethnography

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Grounded theory

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Process questions
(qualitative related)

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Phenomenology

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meaning questions
(qualitative related)

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Ethnography

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Cultural description of questions
(qualitative related)

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In quantitative studies

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pose queries about the relationships among variables

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Complex hypothesis

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two or more of each ID and DV

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Directional hypothesis

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predicts the direction of a relationship

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non-directional hypothesis

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predicts the existence of a relationship, but not its direction

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Descriptive Research Design

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research that has as its main objective the accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations, or groups and/or the frequency with which certain phenomena occur. (qualiative study)

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Quasi Experimental Research Design
AKA non-randomized trial or a controlled trial w/o randomization

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a design for an intervention study in which subjects are NOT randomly assigned to treatment conditions.

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Experimental Research Design

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A study in which the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assings subjects to different conditions.

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Randomized Clinical Trial Research Design

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A full experimental test of an intervention, involving random asssignment to treatment groups; phase III of a full clinical trial

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Randomized block design

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An experimental design involving two or more factors (IVs), with only some experimentally manipulated.

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Randomized consent Design
AKA Zelen design

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an experimental design in which subjects are randomized prior to informed consent.

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Valid

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a quality critieron referring to the degree to which inferences are made in a study are accurate and well-founded. In measurement, the degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.

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Reliable

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the degree of consistency or dependability with which an instrument measures an attribute.

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Belmont trials

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it provides a model for guidelines adopted by disciplinary organizations in the United States. It is the basis for regulations affecting research sponsored by the ninr

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What are the three ethical principles of the Belmont report?

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beneficence, respect for human dignity, justice

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Internal Validity

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The degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (independent variable), rather than uncontrolled, extraneous factors, caused overseved effects.

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External Validity

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The degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied.

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Longnitudnal Studies

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A study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study.

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Cross-sectional Analysis

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A study design in which data are collected at one point in time. Sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups.

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Repeated measures ANOVA

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An analysis of variance used when there are multiple measures of the dpendent variable over time (e.g. in a cross-over design

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crossover design

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an experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment in random order

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Correlational Research

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Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without researcher intervention.

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open-ended questions

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A question in an interview or questionairre that does not restrict respondents' answers to preestablished alternatives.

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closed-ended questions

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a questions that offers respondents a set of predeteremined response options. Harder to write