Nbde Biochemistry/physiology Kid.

Front 1

What is a starch that is given by mouth and is freely filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule?

Back 1

Inulin

Front 2

_____ does not undergo tubular secretion or reabsorption.

Back 2

Insulin

Front 3

The GFR or glomerular filtration rate is calculated by the clearance of _____ from plasma.

Back 3

Inulin

Front 4

If the clearance of a substance that is freely filtrated is _____ that of inulin, then there is a net reabsorption of the substance.

Back 4

Less than

Front 5

If the clearance of a substance that is freely filtered is _____ that of inulin, then there is a net secretion of the substance.

Back 5

More than

Front 6

What is secreted and absorbed and is used to estimate renal plasma flow?

Back 6

PAH

Front 7

_____ and _____ _____ are filtered and subsequently reabsorbed in the kidney.

Back 7

Glucose and Sodium chloride

Front 8

What two things ca be used to measure GFR besides inulin?

Back 8

BUN or Blood urea nitrogen
Serum creatinine

Front 9

Cell whos chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed, and excreting the rest as urine.

Back 9

Nephron

Front 10

What are the two major classes of nephrons within the Kidney?

Back 10

Cortical nephrons
Juxtaglomerular nephrons

Front 11

Where are the renal corpuscles of the Cortical nephron?
What is their function?
What percentage of nephrons do they represent?

Back 11

Superficial renal cortex
Excretory and regulatory functions
85% of all nephrons

Front 12

Where are the renal corpuscles of the Juxtaglomerular nephron?
What is their function?
What percentage of nephrons do they represent?

Back 12

Near the renal medulla
Concentrate and dilute Urine
15%

Front 13

Fluid in the filtrate entering the _____ _____ tubule is reabsorbed into the _____ capillaries , including approx. 2/3 of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes.

Back 13

Proximal convoluted
Peritubular

Front 14

What extends form the proximal tube and consists of a descending limb and ascending limb?
What is its role?

Back 14

Loop of Henle
Concentrate the salt in the interstitium surrounding the loop

Front 15

The descendine limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to _____ but completely impermeable to _____, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium.

Back 15

Water
salt

Front 16

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to _____, which is a critical feature of what?

Back 16

Water
Countercurrent exchange mechanism

Front 17

What limb of the loop of Henle pumps sodium out of filtrate?

Back 17

Ascending loop

Front 18

What regulates the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule?

Back 18

Endocrine system

Front 19

How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

Back 19

Secretion of hydrogen ions into the renal tubules and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

Front 20

What are the three primary systems that regulate the hydrogen ion concentration the body fluids?

Back 20

Chemical acid base buffer system
Respiratory center
Kidneys

Front 21

The _____, although providing the most powerful of all the acid-base regulatory systems, require many hours to several days to readjust the hydrogen ion concentration.

Back 21

Kidneys

Front 22

Hydrogen ions are secreted into the what of the tubular cells?
The secretion mechanism derives hydrogen ions from _____ _____.

Back 22

Tubules
Carbonic Acid

Front 23

What enzyme is present within tubular cells, and catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water?

Back 23

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 24

What does carbonic acid dissociate into?
Where do each of these constituents go?

Back 24

Hydrogen ions and Bicarbonate
H+ - secreted into tubules
HCO3- - Pass out of tubular cells into the blood

Front 25

What acts as buffers to tie up hydrogen ions in the tubular fluid?

Back 25

Phosphate compound and ammonia

Front 26

How are phosphate compounds excreted?
How are ammonia compounds excreted?

Back 26

Combined with the cation Sodium
Combined with the cation Chlorine

Front 27

How is ammonia formed in the tubular cells?

Back 27

Deamination of certain amino acids like glutamic acid

Front 28

What is the best overall index of kidney function?

Back 28

GFR

Front 29

What is the rate at which the glomeruli filter blood, and is normally about 120ml/min.?

Back 29

GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

Front 30

What is GFR dependent on?

Back 30

Permeability of capillary walls
Vascular pressure
Filtration pressure
Clearance

Front 31

What increases GFR?

Back 31

Vasodilation of afferent arterioles
Vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
Decreased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule
Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Front 32

When it comes to deciding if a solute is secreted or absorbed by using GFR remember that it is...

Back 32

The same rates as with inulin

Front 33

The countercurrent mechanism is a system in the renal _____ that facilitates the _____ of the urine. The system is responsible for the secretion of _____ urine in response to _____ plasma osmolarity.

Back 33

Cortex
Concentration
Hyperosmotic
Elevated

Front 34

What does the counter current mechanism depend on?

Back 34

Special arrangement and transport properties of the loop of Henle

Front 35

Where does the countercurrent exchanger take place in the kidney?

Back 35

Vasa Recta

Front 36

Reabsorption of glomerular filtrate would be most affected if modifications were made to the permeability to which section of the nephron?
About how much filtrate is absorbed here?

Back 36

Proximal convoluted tubule
2/3 (100% of filtered glucose and Amino acids)

Front 37

What percentage of plasma is filtered out of the glomerular capillaries and into the glomerular capsules of the renal tubules as the glomerular filtrate?
What is this filtrate free of?

Back 37

16%-20%
Large proteins

Front 38

Excretion rate =

Back 38

Filtration rate - reabsorption + secretion

Front 39

The movement of solutes from tubular fluid into interstitial fluid. takes place in the proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule and collecting duct.

Back 39

Reabsorption

Front 40

The movement of solutes from interstitial fluid into the tubular fluid.

Back 40

Secretion

Front 41

What is the normal range for GFR excretion?
What is the normal range of urine excretion?

Back 41

150-250 L/24hr
1-2 L/24hr

Front 42

What percentage of filtrate is excreted in the urine per day?

Back 42

1%

Front 43

In response to _____ plasma osmolarity, a small volume of concentrated urine will be produced. If plasma osmolarity is _____ than normal, a large volume of dilute urine will be excreted.

Back 43

Lower
Higher

Front 44

Many tissues, but particularly the _____, form ammonia from _____ _____ by aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase reactions.

Back 44

Liver
Amino acids

Front 45

The kidneys specifically the tubular cells form ammonia from _____ by the action of _____ _____.
How is most of this ammonia excreted?
For what reason?

Back 45

Glutamine
Renal glutaminase
NH4+
Acid-base balance

Front 46

_____ obtained from diet and _____ that serve as hormones or neurotransmitters give rise to ammonia by the action of _____ _____.

Back 46

Amines
monoamines
amine oxidase

Front 47

In the catabolism of _____ and _____, amino groups attached to the rings are released as ammonia.

Back 47

Purines
Pyrimidines

Front 48

What is the most important form of ammonia disposal?
Where does it come from?

Back 48

Formation of Urea
Liver to kidneys for excretion

Front 49

What results from excessive uric acid crystals?

Back 49

Gout

Front 50

_____ directly catalyzes urea formation in a cell.

Back 50

Arginase

Front 51

What are the possible causes of dilute urine?

Back 51

Absence of ADH
Diabetes insipidous

Front 52

What are the possible causes of concentrated urine?

Back 52

Decreased plasma volume
cellular dehydration
diabetes mellitus
excess ADH

Front 53

What are the three processes of formation of urine?
What process is not included in this?

Back 53

Filtration, reabsorption, tubular excretion
Secretion

Front 54

What is the process that is also called glomerular excretion where blood pressure forces all the small molecules in the blood into the lumen of the nephron through pores both in the walls of the glomerular capillaries and in the walls of the Bowman's capsule

Back 54

Filtration

Front 55

As filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron, water and many dissolved materials are _____ by the blood.

Back 55

Reabsorbed

Front 56

How much water is reabsorbed during the reabsoption stage of urine formation?

Back 56

99%

Front 57

What process removes substances from the blood into the tubules and supplements initial glomerular filtration?

Back 57

Tubular excretion

Front 58

Normal urine is _____, strw-colored, and slightly _____, and has the characteristic odor of _____.

Back 58

Clear
Acidic
Urea

Front 59

The formation of urine is important in the regulation of _____ balance, maintenance of _____ volume and blood pressure, and in maintaining the normal _____ of ECF.

Back 59

acid-base
ECF
Osmolarity