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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Great circle |
Biggest circle that can be drawn on a sphere, the circumference is that of the sphere and centre is the same as sphere To fly a great circle the bearing is constantly changing due to convergence of meridians |
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Rhumb line |
Rhumb lines cross each meridian at the same angle If a common bearing is flown, the line across the sphere would not be straight |
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GreAt circle vs. rhumb line |
Great circle is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere |
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Measuring distance of longitude on R470 (lamberts conformal) |
60nm = 1 deg of longitude (and 1 deg of latitude only at equator) Use longitude to measure distance |
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S 40.2002 deg S 40 deg 12.010’ S 40 deg 12’ 00.61” |
Degrees, decimal degrees Degrees, minutes, decimal minutes Degrees, minutes, seconds, decimal seconds |
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Minutes of arc, degrees and nm |
60 mins = 1 deg = 60nm 1 min = 1 nm 60 seconds = 1 min = 1nm 1 second = 0.017 nm |
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Shape of the earth and characteristics |
Oblate spheroid due to rotation of the earth (not a perfect sphere) 1 deg of longitude = 60nm 1 deg of latitude = 60nm only at the equator |
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True north Magnetic north Compass north |
True is the direction towards the North Pole following the line of a meridian Magnetic is the direction a freely suspended magnet will point, varying with time (900nm from true north) Compass is the direction taken up by a compass needle varying due to local magnetic fields, compass inaccuracy and aircraft magnetism |
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Class G airspace met minima |
Above plane of division: 2km horizontal, 1000ft vertical, 5km below 10000ft and 8km above. Below plane of division: clear of cloud and in sight of the surface, 5km vis |
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Calculating crosswind |
Back (Definition) |
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How to calculate climb gradient |
Gradient % = VSI (ft/min) / ground speed (kt) x 1.013 So climb gradient = Gradient % x ground speed (kt) x 1.013 |
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Effect of flying from high to low pressure |
High to low - watch out below ALT will read higher than you actually are (30ft per 1hPa) |
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Variation and deviation rule of thumb |
True Variation (east is least) Mag Deviation (east is least) Compass |
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SUA - what we can fly through |
Danger area: requires pilots to have due consideration of the danger within the area prior to entering but does not require approval Parachute landing area: established to warn pilots and should treat area as a danger area Low flying zones: if not associated with the designated using agency, required to obtain a briefing and comply with conditions of LFZ. Daytime and surface to 500ft AGL. Intentions on entering and exiting Volcanic hazard zone: volcanic activity may be present. Must be VMC by day with relevant NOTAM and SIGMET info MBZ: broadcast positions and intentions on entry, joining circuit, before entering runway and at specified intervals. Lights on CFZ: same as MBZ but ‘should’ |
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SUA - can’t fly through |
Restricted area: may only enter with prior approval from designated administering authority Military operating area: entry approval required prior to entry from from the designated administering authority |
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Describe lamberts conformal projection |
Projection is of a portion of a sphere onto a cone Utilises reference parallels of latitude where no distortion is present Distortion increases further from the reference parallels (Great circles are straight lines and rhumb lines curve towards the pole) |
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Properties of lamberts conformal (ideal properties it does not have) |
Does not have rhumb lines as straight lines which is an ideal property and areas not correct |
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Mercator projection - are rhumb lines or great circles straight? |
Rhumb lines are straight lines Great circles curve nearer the poles |
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Magnetic variation Deviation Isogonals |
The angular difference between the direction of true north and magnetic north at any given point Angular difference between magnetic meridian and compass meridian on a particular heading Points plotted where variation has the same value with lines joining the points are known as isogonals |
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How coordinates work and prime meridian |
90 deg north, 90 deg south from the equator 180 deg east, 180 deg west from prime meridian (0 deg through Greenwich) |
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How to read R470 and how SUA looks |
Hmmmmm |
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Maximum elevation figures shown in VNC quadrangles |
Shown in thousands and hundreds of feet above mean sea level. Based on the highest known feature in each quadrangle including terrain and obstructions |
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How to find magnetic variation on R470 |
Dotted line with variation figure which is an isogonal |
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What is the datum that GPS uses |
GPS coordinates are referenced to World Geodetic System (WGS84) |
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Conversions: m to ft nm to ft |
1m = 3.28ft 1nm = 6076.12ft |
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How relative bearings work |
Relative to you, using 0-359 deg or relative to a navaid or point |
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What is minimum speed to fly in mountains |
140kias |
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Where can you find what fuel to put in aircraft |
Flight manual, pilot's checklist, F700 and F44 |
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Cross-track error for PBN certification |
1 mile x track error for RNAV 2 |
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How to calculate intended climb area for planned IMC |
Project 30 deg either side of climb track Determine MEF then add 1000ft or 2000ft for mountainous for terrain (MSA-current elevation) / 1000 x 2 |
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When you descend into uncontrolled airspace does it cancel your flight plan? |
no |
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What speed would you climb in IMC (inadvertent IMC) |
120kias MAC |
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Quadrantal points Cardinal points |
Northeast Northwest Southeast Southwest (North, East, South, West) |
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How far do you need to avoid sensitive areas by? |
1000ft and 1nm |
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Time loss for triangle deviations |
30 quarter 45 half 60 full |
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Heights on R470 |
AMSL |
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METAR, TAF, ROFOR True/mag and AGL/AMSL? |
METAR - true AGL TAF - true AGL ATIS - Mag AGL GRAFOR - AMSL |
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Define density altitude and pressure altitude |
look at met |
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What defines density altitude |
Temperature |
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finding cruising levels for IFR and VFR |
NOSE VFR + 500ft Choose level by calculating 10% of total distance MFA in accordance with AIP |
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1 in 60 rule |
at 15 mile arc, 4 radials = 1nm at 30, 2 radials = 1nm 60, 1 radial = 1nm |
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How far is 1cm on a 1:500 000 scale map |
1cm = 500 000cm = 5km |
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How to calculate MSA in NZ |
1000ft AGL or 2000ft AGL in mountainous terrain |
