Nasm Essentials Of Personal Fitness Training : Ch 3 : The Cardiorespiratory System

Front 1

The cardiorespiratory system

Back 1

Composed of the cardiovascular & respiratory systems.

Front 2

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

Back 2

Heart

Blood vessels

Blood

Front 3

What does the respiratory system include?

Back 3

Bronchi

Trachea

Lungs

Alveoli

Front 4

What do the cardiovascular & respiratory systems provide the body with?

Back 4

Adequate oxygen & nutrients, removing waste products such as CO2 from the cells.

Front 5

The cardiovascular system is composed of blood vessels that

Back 5

Transport blood from the heart to the tissues of the body.

Front 6

The cardiovascular system :

Back 6

Back (Definition)

Front 7

Intercalated discs are

Back 7

Irregularly spaced dark bands between cardiac cells.

Front 8

What do intercalated discs do?

Back 8

Help hold muscle cells together during contractions, creating an electrical connection between the cells that allows the heart to contract as 1 functional unit.

Front 9

The heart has its own built-in

Back 9

Conduction system, sending an electrical signal rapidly throughout all of the cardiac cells.

Front 10

What is the typical resting heart rate?

Back 10

Between 70 & 80 beats/min

Front 11

The electrical conduction system of the heart consists of

Back 11

Specialized cells that allow an electrical signal to be transmitted from the sinotrial (SA) node through both atria & into the ventricles.

Front 12

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Back 12

Specialized area of cardiac tissue that initiates the electrical impulses that determine HR.

Front 13

What is sinoatrial (SA) often termed

Back 13

The pacemaker for the heart.

Front 14

Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?

Back 14

In the right atrium of the heart.

Front 15

What stimulates the mechanical myocardial cells to contract in a regular rhythmic pattern?

Back 15

The electrical conduction system of the heart.

Front 16

Heart

Back 16

A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of a rhythmic contraction.

Front 17

Where is the heart positioned?

Back 17

Obliquely in the center of the chest (thoracic cavity)

Lying anteriorly (in front) to the spine

Posteriorly (behind) to the sternum

Front 18

Where are the left and right lungs position?

Back 18

On either side of the heart.

Front 19

Mediastinum

Back 19

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all of the internal organs (except the lungs).

Front 20

Approximately how big is an adult heart?

Back 20

The size of an adult fist weighing ~300 g (10 oz.)

Front 21

What are the 3 types of muscles in the body?

Back 21

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Front 22

What is sinoatrial (SA) node often termed

Back 22

The pacemaker for the heart.

Front 23

Skeletal muscle is a ___ muscle, cardiac muscle is a ___ muscle.

Back 23

Skeletal : voluntary

Cardiac : involuntary

Front 24

Cardiac muscle fibers are ___ & more ___ than skeletal muscle.

Back 24

Shorter

Tightly connected

Front 25

The internodal pathways transfer the impulse from the

Back 25

SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node.

Front 26

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 26

A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that receive HB impulses from the SA node, directing them to the walls of the ventricles.

Front 27

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

Back 27

In the wall of the right atrium of the heart.

Front 28

The AV node delays the

Back 28

Impulse before allowing it to move on to the ventricles.

Front 29

The AV bundle conducts the impulse to the ventricles for contraction through what?

Back 29

The left & right bundle branches of the Purkinje fibers.

Front 30

The heart is composed of

Back 30

4 hollow chambers that are delineated into 2 interdependent (but separate) pumps on either side.

Front 31

The 2 pumps of the heart are separated by the

Back 31

Interatrial septum (separates the atria)

Interventricular septum (separates the ventricles)

Front 32

Each side of the heart has 2 chambers, what are they?

Back 32

An atrium & a ventricle.

Front 33

Why is the right side of the heart referred to as the pulmonic side?

Back 33

It receives blood that is low in O2 & high in CO2 (deoxygenated), pumping it into the lungs, then back into the left atria.

Front 34

Why is the left side of the heart referred to as the systematic side?

Back 34

It pumps blood high in O2 & low in CO2 (oxygenated) to the rest of the body.

Front 35

Atria

Back 35

Smaller superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins, forcing it into the ventricles.

Hint 35

Act as a reservoir

Front 36

Where are Aria located?

Back 36

Superiorly (on top) on either side of the heart.

Front 37

The right atrium gathers

Back 37

Deoxygenated blood returning to the heart from the entire body.

Front 38

The left atrium gathers

Back 38

Oxygenated blood coming to the heart from the lungs.

Front 39

Ventricles

Back 39

Larger inferior chambers of the heart that receives blood from its corresponding atrium, forcing blood into the arteries.

Front 40

The right ventricle has

Back 40

Thin walls & pumps under low pressure since it only pumps blood a short distance (to the longs).

Front 41

The left ventricle has

Back 41

Thicker walls & pumps under high pressure since it pumps blood out to the rest of the body.

Front 42

Conduction system of the heart :

Back 42

Back (Definition)

Front 43

Atria & ventricles pictured :

Back 43

Back (Definition)

Front 44

The difference between EDV (120 mL) & ESV (50 mL) is

Back 44

70 mL, representing for the SV.

Front 45

Heart rate (HR)

Back 45

The rate at which the heart pumps.

Front 46

Cardiac output (Q)

(Formula & definition)

Back 46

HR X SV

The overall performance of the heart.

Front 47

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of

Back 47

Blood pumped by the heart/min. (mL blood/min)

Front 48

If an average person has a resting HR of 70bpm in the resting SV 70 mL/beat, cardiac output at rest would be :

Back 48

70bpm X 70 mL/min =

4,900 mL/min or 4.9 L/min

Front 49

Monitoring heart rate during exercise provides a good estimate of

Back 49

The amount of work that is being done at any given time.

Front 50

How to manually monitor heart rate :

Back 50

Back (Definition)

Front 51

Blood

Back 51

A fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins, carrying nutrients & oxygen to all parts of the body.

Front 52

Conduction system of the heart :

Back 52

Back (Definition)

Front 53

Blood rids

Back 53

The body of waste products.

Front 54

Blood helps to regulate ___ & fight ___.

Back 54

Temperature

Infections.

Front 55

Blood consists of cells suspended in

Back 55

A watery liquid called plasma.

Front 56

Plasma contains nutrients such as

Back 56

Glucose

Hormones

Blood clotting agents

Front 57

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Back 57

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Front 58

What do red blood cells do?

Back 58

They carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body.

Front 59

How to manually monitor heart rate :

Back 59

Back (Definition)

Front 60

What do platelets do?

Back 60

Help with clotting.

Front 61

Plasma makes up what percentage of the total volume of blood?

Back 61

~55%

Front 62

Atria & ventricles pictured :

Back 62

Back (Definition)

Front 63

The right ventricle receives the

Back 63

Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium, pumping it the lungs to be saturated with incoming oxygen.

Front 64

The left ventricle receives the

Back 64

Oxygenated blood from the left atrium, pumping it to the entire body.

Front 65

Why is each chamber of the heart separated from one another, major veins, & arteries via valves?

Back 65

To prevent backflow/spillage of blood back into the chambers.

Front 66

Valves include the

Back 66

Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & mitral valves)

Semilunar valves (pulmonary & aortic valves)

Front 67

Stroke volume (SV)

Back 67

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction.

Front 68

Stroke volume (SV) is the difference between the

Back 68

Ventricular end diastolic-volume (EDV)

&

Ventricular end systolic-volume (ESV)

Front 69

In a typical heart what is the EDV & ESV?

Back 69

EDV : 120 mL of blood

ESV : 50 mL of blood

Front 70

Red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets make up what percentage of the total volume of blood?

Back 70

~45%

Front 71

Support mechanisms of blood :

Back 71

Back (Definition)

Front 72

Blood provides protection from excessive blood loss through

Back 72

It’s clotting mechanism, which seals off damaged tissue until a scar forms.

Front 73

Blood provides specialized

Back 73

Immune cells to fight against foreign toxins within the body, helping to reduce the risk of disease & illness.

Front 74

Blood vessels

Back 74

Network of hollow tubes that circulate blood throughout the body.

Front 75

Arteries

Back 75

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

Hint 75

A=away

Front 76

Capillaries

Back 76

The smallest blood vessels that are the site of exchange of chemicals & water between the blood & tissues.

Front 77

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

Back 77

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Front 78

Veins

Back 78

Carry blood back to the heart.

Front 79

What is the largest artery in the body?

Back 79

The aorta.

Front 80

Support mechanisms of blood :

Back 80

Back (Definition)

Front 81

Blood is a vital support mechanism, which provides

Back 81

Internal transportation, regulation, & protection systems for the HMS.

Front 82

Blood transports

Back 82

Life-sustaining oxygen to all bodily tissues, removing waste products.

Front 83

Blood transports hormones that act as

Back 83

Chemical messengers.

Front 84

Blood transports nutrients from the

Back 84

Gastrointestinal tract to various organs & tissues throughout the body.

Front 85

Blood helps remove heat

Back 85

From internal & external regions of the body.

Front 86

Blood helps regulate temperature by transferring

Back 86

Heat from the internal core out of the periphery of the body as blood circulates.

Front 87

As blood travels close to the skin it gives off

Back 87

Heat to the environment or can be cooled depending on the environment.

Front 88

Blood is essential in the regulation of

Back 88

pH levels (acid balance) in the body.

Maintaining the water content of body cells.

Front 89

What do the branches of the aorta include?

Back 89

Medium sized arteries

Carotid artery

Subclavian artery

Mesenteric arteries

Renal artery

Iliac artery

Hint 89

5 types of arteries

Front 90

Respiratory pump

Back 90

Composed of skeletal structures (bones) & soft tissues muscles that work together to allow respiratory mechanics to occur & help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration.

Front 91

Breathing is divided into 2 phases, what are they?

Back 91

Inspiration (inhalation)

Expiration (exhalation)

Front 92

Inspiration (inhalation)

Back 92

The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body.

Front 93

Expiration (exhalation)

Back 93

The process of actively/passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body.

Front 94

Inspiratory ventilation is is active meaning that it requires

Back 94

Active contraction of inspiratory muscles to increase the thoracic cavity volume.

Front 95

When the thoracic cavity volume is increased

Back 95

The intrapulmonary pressure decreases.

Front 96

Well the intrapulmonary pressure decreases below that of the atmospheric pressure (every day pressure in the air),

Back 96

Air is drawn into the lungs.

Front 97

Inspiratory ventilation occurs in 2 forms, what are they?

Back 97

Normal resting state (quiet) breathing

Heavy (deep, forced) breathing

Front 98

Normal breathing requires the use of

Back 98

The primary respiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals).

Front 99

Heavy breathing requires The

Back 99

Additional use of the secondary respiratory muscles (scalenes, pectoralis minor).

Front 100

These medium size arteries further divide into

Back 100

Smaller arteries that are called aterioles.

Front 101

Expiratory ventilation can be both

Back 101

Active & passive.

Front 102

During normal breathing, expiratory ventilation is

Back 102

Passive as the results from the relaxation of the contracting inspiratory muscles.

Front 103

During heavy or forced breathing, expiratory ventilation relies on

Back 103

The activity of expiratory muscles to compress the thoracic cavity & forced air out.

Front 104

Breathing helps to regulate

Back 104

Blood flow back to the heart.

Front 105

What is the purpose of inhalation?

Back 105

To move air in & out of the body.

Front 106

The respiratory passages are divided 2 two categories, what are they?

Back 106

Conducting airways

Respiratory airways

Front 107

The conducting airways consist of

Back 107

All the structures that air travels through before entering the respiratory airways.

Front 108

What provides gathering stations for air & oxygen to be directed into the body?

Back 108

The nasal & oral cavities

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchioles

Hint 108

There are 7

Front 109

The nasal & oral cavities, mouth, Ference, larynx, trachea, & bronchioles allows the incoming air to be

Back 109

Purified, humidified (or moisture added), & warmed or cooled to match body temp.

Front 110

Structures of the respiratory pump :

Back 110

Back (Definition)

Front 111

Arterioles

Back 111

Small terminal branches of an artery, which end in capillaries.

Front 112

Structures of the respiratory passages :

Back 112

Back (Definition)

Front 113

Diffusion

Back 113

The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body.

Front 114

The respiratory airways collect the channeled air coming from the

Back 114

Conducting airways.

Front 115

At the end of the bronchioles sits the

Back 115

Alveoli, which are made up of clusters of alveolar sacs.

Front 116

In the alveolar sac gases such as O2 & CO2 are

Back 116

Transported in & out of the bloodstream.

Front 117

The respiratory passages :

Back 117

Back (Definition)

Front 118

Structures of the respiratory pump :

Back 118

Back (Definition)

Front 119

Structures of the respiratory passages :

Back 119

Back (Definition)

Front 120

Resting oxygen consumption the O2 is approximately

Back 120

3.5 mL of oxygen/kg of body weight/min

Front 121

The equation for oxygen consumption is known as the

Back 121

Fick equation.

Front 122

Venules

Back 122

Very small things that connect capillaries to larger things, collecting blood from the capillaries.

Front 123

According to the Fick equation, oxygen consumption (VO2) is a product of

Front 124

The respiratory passages :

Back 124

Back (Definition)

Front 125

VO2 max values can range anywhere from

Back 125

40-80 mL X kg^-1 X min^-1

~11-23 METs

Front 126

What is the only way to determine VO2 Max?

Back 126

Directly measuring ventilation, oxygen consumption, & carbon dioxide production during a maximal exercise test.

Front 127

Resting oxygen consumption the O2 is approximately

Back 127

3.5 mL of oxygen/kg of body weight/min

Front 128

Any difficulty or change to normal breathing patterns can affect the normal response to exercise. Common and normal breathing scenario is associated with stress and anxiety include :

Back 128

Back (Definition)

Front 129

According to the Fick equation, oxygen consumption (VO2) is a product of

Back 129

Front 130

What is the respiratory system also known as?

Back 130

The pulmonary system.

Front 131

The respiratory system

Back 131

A system of organs that collects oxygen from the external environment, transporting it to the bloodstream.

Front 132

Oxygen is brought into the

Back 132

Lungs removing carbon dioxide from the lungs to the outside air.

Front 133

What is the primary role of the respiratory system?

Back 133

To ensure proper cellular function.

Front 134

Any difficulty or change to normal breathing patterns can affect the normal response to exercise. Common and normal breathing scenario is associated with stress and anxiety include :

Back 134

Back (Definition)