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164 Cards in this Set

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Forms of external feedback :

Back (Definition)

Biomechanics

This is concerned with the internal & external forces acting on the human body & the effects produced by these forces.

Sports biomechanics

Anatomic location

Terms that describes specific locations or landmarks on the body.

There are 10

Medial


Lateral


Contralateral


Ipsilateral


Anterior


Posterior


Proximal


Distal


Inferior


Superior

There are 10

Superior

Positioned above a point of reference.

The femur (thigh bone) is superior to the

Tibia (shinbone)

The pectoralis major (chest muscle) is superior to the

Rectus abdominis (abdominal muscle)

Inferior

Positioned below a point of reference.

The calcaneus (heel bone) is inferior to

Patella (knee bone)

This soleus (calf muscle) is inferior to

The hamstring complex

Proximal

Positioned nearest the center of the body, or point of reference.

The knee is more proximal to the

Hip than the ankle.

The lumbar spine (low back) is more proximal to them

Sacrum (tailbone) them the sterno (breast bone).

Distal

Positioned farthest from the center of the body, or a point of reference.

The ankle is more distal to the

Hip than the knee.

The sternum is more distal to the

Sacrum (tailbone) than the lumbar spine.

Anterior (Ventral)

On the front of the body.

The quadriceps are located on the

Anterior aspect of the thigh.

Posterior (dorsal)

On the back of the body.

The hamstring complex is located on the

Posterior aspect of the thigh.

Medial

Positioned near the middle of the body.

The adductors (inner thigh muscles) are on the

Medial side of the thigh.


This side of the limb closest to the midline.

The sternum is more medial than the

Shoulder.

Lateral

Position toward the outside of the body.

The ears are on the lateral side of the

Head.

Contralateral

Positioned on the opposite side of the body.

The right foot is contralateral to the

Left hand.

Ipsilateral

Positioned on the same side of the body.

The right foot is ipsilateral to the

Right hand.

Human movement efficiency

Back (Definition)

Anatomic locations :

Back (Definition)

What are the universally acceptedmethod of describing human movements?

The planes of motion (frontal, sagittal, transverse)

The 3 imaginary planes are positioned throughout the body at

Right angles so they intersect at the center of mass of the body.

Movement is said to occur more commonly in a specific plane if it is actually along

The plane parallel to it.

All the movements can be one-plane-dominant,

No motion occurs strictly in 1 plane of motion.

Movement in a plane occurs on the axis running

Perpendicular to the plane, joint motion.

The axle that a car wheel revolves around.

Anatomic position

The position with the body erect, arms at the sides, & palms forward.

What is the importance of the anatomic position in anatomy?

It is the position of reference for an atomic nomenclature.

What are some anatomic terms?

Posterior


Anterior


Medial


Lateral


Abduction


Adduction

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left & right halves.

The sagittal plane motion occurs in what axis?

Coronal


(Flexion and extension)

Flexion

A bending movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments decreases.

Planes of motion

Back (Definition)

Examples of planes, emotions, axes :

Back (Definition)

Flexion & extension movements :

Back (Definition)

Extension

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between 2 adjacent segments increases.

Hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limits of ROM.

Of what joints of the body the flexion & extension occur?

Spine


Shoulder


Elbow


Wrist


Hip


Knee


Foot


Hand

There are 8

At the ankle, what is flexion & extension referred to?

Flexion : Dorsiflexion


Extension : Plantarflexion

What are some examples of predominantly sagittal plane movements?

Biceps curls


Tricep push downs


Squats


Front lunges


Calf raises


Walking, running


Vertical jump


Climbing stairs


Shooting a basketball

There are 10

Frontal plane

Divides the body into the front & back halves.

Where does frontal plane motion occur around?

Anterior posterior axis.

Movement in the frontal plane include

Abduction (relative to trunk)


Adduction (relative to trunk)


Lateral flexion (spine)


Eversion (foot/ankle complex)


Inversion (foot/ankle complex)

There are 5

Abduction

A frontal plane movement movement away from the midline of the body.

Like extension, increases the angle.

Adduction

A frontal plane movement back toward the midline of the body.

Like flexion, decreases angle.

Lateral flexion is the bending of the

Spine (cervical, thoracic, or lumbar) from side to side.

Eversion & inversion are the bending of the

Calcaneus (heel bone) & tarsals (ankle bones)

A frontal plane movement

What are some examples of frontal plane movements?

Side lateral raises


Side lunges


Side shuffling

Transverse plane

Divides the body into top & bottom halves.

Transverse plane motion occurs around what axis?

Vertical or longitudinal

Movements in the transverse plane include what?

Internal rotation (limbs)


External rotation (limbs)


Horizontal abduction (limbs)


Horizontal abduction (limbs)


Right/left rotation(head & trunk)


Pronation (radioulnar/forearm)


Supination (radioulnar/forearm)

There are 7

What are the transverse plane motion of the foot termed as?

Abduction


Adduction

In the transverse plane of motion abduction of the foot is

Toes pointing outward, externally rotated.

In the transverse plane of motion adduction in the foot is

Toes pointing inward, internally rotated.

What are some examples of transverse plane movements?

Cable trunk rotations


Dumbbell chest fly


Throwing a ball


Throwing a frisbee


Golfing


Swinging a bat

There are 6

Adduction & abduction movements :

Back (Definition)

Scapular retraction

Adduction of Scapula ; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

Motions of the shoulder blades scapulae are important for PT to be familiar with to

Ensure proper movement of the shoulder complex.

Scapular movements are primarily

Retraction (adduction)


Protraction (abduction)


Elevation


Depression

Scapular protraction

Abduction of scapula ; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Scapular depression

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.

Scapular elevation

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula.

Rotational movements :

Back (Definition)

What are the 3 primary types of muscle actions?

Isometric


Isotonic (Concentric/Eccentric)


Isokinetic

What does the prefix iso- mean?

Same or equal.

What does the suffix -tonic mean?

Tension

What does the suffix -metric mean?

Length

What does the suffix -kinetic refer to?

Motion

Muscle actions :

Back (Definition)

Scapular movements :

Back (Definition)

Muscle action spectrum :

Back (Definition)

Eccentric muscle action :

Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

The muscle lengthens because the contractile force is

Less than the resistive force.

What are the 3 primary types of muscle actions?

Isometric


Isotonic (Concentric/Eccentric)


Isokinetic

As the muscle lengthens, the Acton & myosin cross-bridges are

Pulled apart & reattached, allowing the muscle to lengthen.

The lengthening of the muscle usually refers to it’s

Return to arresting length, not increasing in it’s length.

An eccentric motion can be seen in what type of movements?

Landing from a jump


Lowering weight during resistance exercise

An eccentric muscle action is also known as what? Where was the term derived?

Negative


The fact that during this movement, work is being done on the muscle (because forces move muscle) rather than the muscle doing work (or the muscle moving the forces).

Eccentric motion moves in

The same direction as the resistance. (Direction of resistance)

In functional activities, such as daily movements & sports muscles work more during what type of movement?

Eccentrically.

Eventually, the muscles must

Decelerate or reduce the forces acting on the body (force reduction).

Whether walking on a treadmill or bench pressing the weight of either the

Body or the bar must be decelerated, then stabilized to be properly exhilarated.

Concentric muscle action

When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening.

Isotonic

Force is produced


Muscle tension is developed


Movement occurs through a given ROM

What does the prefix iso- mean?

Same or equal.

isokinetic

The speed of movement is fixed


Resistance varies with force exerted


Requires sophisticated training equipment

As the muscle shortens, actin & myosin cross-bridges move

Together (sliding filament theory), allowing the muscle to shorten.

Eccentric motion is synonymous with

Deceleration.

Concentric muscle action is synonyms with

Acceleration.

What type of movements can concentric muscle actions be observed?

Jumping upward


The lifting phase during resistance

Isometric muscle action

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it, leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

An isometric contraction can be easily observed when

An individual pauses during a resistance training exercise in between the lifting & lowering phases.

In activities of daily living in sports, Isometric actions are used to

Dynamically stabilize the body.

The adductors & abductors of the thigh during a squat will

Dynamically stabilize the leg from moving too much in the frontal & transverse planes.

Muscles that isometrically stabilize a limb from moving in in an unwanted direction.

During the ball crunch, the transversus, abdominis, & multifidus muscles (deep spine muscles)

Stabilize the lumbar spine.

What does the suffix -tonic mean?

Tension

During a dumbbell bench press, the rotator cuff musculatureI still can edit muscle action

Dynamically stabilizes the shoulder joint.

Isokinetic Muscle action

When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full ROM.

The expensive and sophisticated equipment that measures the amount of force generated by the muscles and adjust the resistance (load) makes sure that no matter how much muscular tension is produced,

Movement remains constant.

The harder you push/pull, the more resistance is felt.

During a full isokinetic contraction, the tension in the muscle is at its maximum throughout the whole ROM, this is believed to improve what?

Strength


Endurance


NM efficiency

With the types of movements that are able to be performed on isokinetic machines they are often seen in where?

Rehab clinics or exercise physiology laboratories.

During a bicep curl, the initial movement requires the bicep to

Shorten to generate force to overcome gravity and the weight. (Concentric muscle action)

Once the dumbbells are raised to the front of the shoulder, position is held the length of the muscle is

Not changed, but the biceps are still applying force & are under tension (isometric action)

As the dumbbells are lowered down back to the starting position, the muscles must now

Lengthen (under the control of the NS) to decelerate the Force of the dumbbells & gravity (eccentric action).

An individual squats from the standing position, flexing up the hips, knees, & ankles this is

The eccentric muscle action (lowering phase of resistance exercise)

As the individual squats downward what muscles are lengthened?

The gluteal and quadriceps, simultaneously decelerating the force of their body weight & gravity.

What does the suffix -metric mean?

Length

When the individual pauses at the bottom position in no joint motion is visible, this is the

Isometric muscle action.

When the individual returns to the starting position lifting phase, contracting the gluteal muscles and quadriceps, this is

The concentric muscle action.

The concentric & eccentric motions of bicep curls & squats :

Back (Definition)

Force

An influence applied by 1 object to another, resulting in an acceleration/deceleration of the 2nd object.

What are forces characterized by?

Magnitude (how much)


Direction (which way are they moving)

The HMS is designed to manipulate forces from a

Magnitude of directions to effectively produce movement.

Length tension relationships

The resting length of a muscle & the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

There is an optimal muscle length at which the actin & myosin filaments in the sarcomere have the greatest degree of overlap. What does this result in?

The ability of the myosin to make a maximal amount of connections with Actin, potential for maximal force production of that muscle.

The concentric & eccentric motions of bicep curls & squats :

Back (Definition)

Lengthening a muscle be on this optimal Length & then stimulating it, results in what?

The reduction of actin & myosin overlap, reducing force production.

What does the suffix -kinetic refer to?

Motion

Shortening a muscle too much & then stimulating it places the actin & myosin in a state of what?

Maximal overlap, allowing no further movement to occur between the filaments, reducing it’s force output.

Those with Misaligned joints (poor posture) Will not be able to generate

The needed force to allow for efficient movement.

The force-velocity curve refers to

The relationship of the muscles ability to produce tension at differing shortening velocities.

Length-tension relationship

Back (Definition)

As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases,

It’s ability to produce force decreases.

As the velocity eccentric muscle action increases,

The ability to develop force increases.

Force-couple

Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around the joint.

Muscles in the fourth couple provide

Divergent pulls on the bone(s) they connect with.

The force-velocity curve :

Back (Definition)

To ensure that the HMS most properly, it must exhibit proper voice couple relationships, which can only happen if the muscles are at the right

Like the tension relationships in the joints have proper arthrokinematics (joint motion).

Muscle actions :

Back (Definition)

Proper length-tension relationships, force-couple relationships, & arthrokinematics allows for proper

Sensorimotor integration & ultimately proper & efficient movement.

Force-couple relationships :

Back (Definition)

Common force-couple relationship :

Back (Definition)

Lever system of the joint.

Lever system of the joint.

The muscular skeletal system is composed of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, all of which create

A series of levers & pulleys that generate force against external objects.

Force-couple relationships :

Back (Definition)

Common force-couple relationship :

Back (Definition)

The quadricep muscles can produce more force than

The muscles of the hands.

A lever consist of a

Ridgid barthat pivots around a stationary fulcrum (pivot point).

In the human body, the fulcrum is the ___, bones are the ___, muscles create ___, & resistance can be the ___.

Joint axis


Levers


The motion (effort)


Weight of the body part, or weight of an object (barbells).

Scapular movements :

Back (Definition)

Muscle action spectrum :

Back (Definition)

Eccentric muscle action :

Occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

The muscle lengthens because the contractile force is

Less than the resistive force.

How are levers classified?

By 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class.


Depending on the relations along the fulcrum, effort, & resistance.

1st class levers have the fulcrum in the

Middle, like a seesaw

1st class levers have the fulcrum in the

Middle, like a seesaw

What is an example of a 1st class lever?

Nodding their head


With the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum (joint axis)

2nd class levers have a resistance in the

Middle (with the fulcrum & effort on either side)

Like a load in a wheelbarrow.

The body acts as a 2nd class lever when one engages in a

Full body push-up


Calf raise

If using the calf raise as an example, the ball of the foot is the ___, body weight is the ___, and the effort is applied by the ___.

Fulcrum


Resistance


Calf musculature

3rd class levers have the effort placed between

Fulcrum and resistance

The effort of a 3rd class lever always travels

A shorter distance & must be greater than the resistance.

Muslims of the body operate

3rd class levers

3rd class levers have the effort placed between

Fulcrum and resistance

The forearm