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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define bioenergetics |
- the study of energy in the human body - the study of how energy is transformed through various biochemical reactions |
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What are substrates? |
- the usable form of energy from food after it is broken down into smaller units. - Carbs, proteins, and fats are substrates - the material or substance on which an enzyme acts |
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what is ATP |
adenosine triphosphate; energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body - a form of high- energy compound - primary source of immediate energy for cellular energy for cellular metabolism are stored in the chemical bonds of the molecule ATP - when the chemical bonds are broken energy is released for cellular work (such as muscle contraction) leaving behind another molecule called ADP |
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Define Metabolism |
- all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. - the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used and disposed of by the body. |
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What is exercise metabolism? |
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise. |
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Define Carbohydrates |
- organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which includes starches, cellulose and sugars and are important source of energy. all carbs are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar. - lack of carbs in a diet can cause fatigue, poor mental function, and a lack of endurance and stamina |
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What is the primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates? |
- glucose: a simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbs, fat, and to a lesser extent proteins, which serves as they body's main source of fuel - absorbed and transported in the blood, where it circulates until it enters cells (with the aid of insulin) and is either used or stored as energy. |
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What is the storage form of carbohydrates? |
- glycogen: the complex carb molecule used to store carbs in the liver and muscle cells - when carb energy is needed glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells - can be rapidly broken down into glucose and used for energy during periods of prolonged or intense exercise. |
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What are triglycerides? |
-The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body - derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources such as carbs. - when calories are consumed but not immediately needed by cells or tissue they are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells where they are stored |
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describe protein |
- amino acid linked by peptide bonds, which consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and usually sulfur and that have several essential biologic compounds - a fuel source, although rarely supplies much energy and not regarded as a significant fuel for energy metabolism -proteins become significant during starvation; during a negative energy balance (low calorie diet) amino acids are used to assist in energy production. This process is called gluconeogenesis
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Define gluconeogenesis |
-the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids |
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Describe adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
-high energy compound occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed. |
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what metabolic pathways generate ATP? |
- The ATP-PC system - The glycolic system (glycolysis) - the oxidative system (oxidative phosphorylation)
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Describe the ATP-PC system |
- the process of creating a new ATP molecule from phosphate creatine molecule is the simplest and fastest of the energy systems -occurs w/o the presence of oxygen (anaerobic) - provides energy for primarily high-intensity, short duration exercise/activity - always activated at the start/onset of any activity - power and strength training w/ heavy loads and few reps or during short sprinting events |
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describe glycolysis |
- anaerobic/aerobic means of producing ATP through chemical breakdown of glucose, a process referred to as anaerobic (or aerobic) glycolysis -the process of glycolysis does not begin until either glucose or glycogen is broken down into glucose-6-phosphate -pyruvate (when oxygen is present) and lactic acid are by products of glycolysis (when oxygen is NOT present) - can produce a greater amount of energy than the ATP-PC system - limited to 30-50seconds of duration (8-12 reps falls w/in this duration) |
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Describe the oxidative system |
- the most complex of the 3 energy systems - uses substrates with the aid of oxygen (aerobic) to generate ATP. |
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(PG 75) What are the three oxidative or aerobic systems include: |
1. Aerobic glycolysis 2. The Krebs cycle 3. The electron transport chain (ETC) |
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Describe B-oxidation (PG 75) |
-the first step in the oxidation of fat -begins with the breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits call free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP. - the purpose is to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules which then are available to enter the Krebs cycle and lead to the production of additional ATP. |
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Define the Krebs Cycle |
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP |
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what is the primary source of energy as duration of exercise increases? |
anaerobic metabolism of glucose (anaerobic glycolysis |
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describe excess post exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
(PG 79) |
the state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise |
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How long is the recovery of the ATP-PC cycle? |
approximately 90seconds |
