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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does exercise do to the body? Page 69
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Page 69: places unique and demanding requirements on the body's ability to supply energy and remove metabolic byproducts
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What does exercise do to the body? Page 69
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Page 69: places unique and demanding requirements on the body's ability to supply energy and remove metabolic byproducts
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What must happen to food before it can be used as energy? Page 69
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Page 69: food must be converted into substrates including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
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What is ATP? Page 70
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Page 70: a high-energy compound called adenosine triphosphate
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What is bioenergetics? Page 70
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Page 70: the study of energy in the human body
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What are three things energy is required for? Page 70
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Pages 70: to sustain life, support exercise, and help recovery from exercise
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What is the ultimate source of energy? Page 70
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Page 70: the Sun
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What does metabolism refer to? Page 70
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Page 70: all chemical reactions that occur in the body
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What does exercise metabolism refer to? Page 70
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Page 70: the examination of bioenergetics in relation to unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body during exercise
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What constitutes the main substrates? Page 70
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Page 70: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (fats)
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What are carbohydrates? Page 71
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Page 71: a source of fuel and energy required for all daily activities comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What can a lack of carbohydrates create? Page 71
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Page 71: fatigue, poor mental function, and lack of endurance and stamina
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What is the primary end product after digestion of carbohydrates? Page 71
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Page 71: glucose , a simple sugar manufactured by the body which serves as the body's main source of fuel
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What is glycogen? Page 71
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Page 71: a complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in liver and muscle cells . It is converted to glucose for use by muscle cells
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What is the role of fats? Page 71
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Page 71: help the body use vitamins and keep skin healthy and serve as energy stores
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What are the two main types of fat in food? Page 71
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Page 71: saturated and unsaturated
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What are triglycerides? Page 71
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Page 71: a chemical or substrate form and which fat exists in food as well as the body
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What is one of the benefits of fat? Page 71
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Page 71: it is a fuel source that most people have an inexhaustible supply
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When is protein used as a significant energy source? Page 71
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Page 71 in starvation
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What is gluconeogenesis? Page 71
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Page 71: the formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources such as amino acids in protein
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What does ATP stand for? Page 71
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Page 71: adenosine triphosphate
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What happens when ATP chemical bonds are broken and energy is released? Page 71
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Page 71: adenosine diphosphate or aDP is left behind
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What is energy used for in regard to muscle contraction? page 72
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Page 72: to form the myosin actin cross bridges that facilitate muscle contraction
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What can any form of exercise be defined by? Page 72
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Page 72: intensity and duration
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Explain how the human body technically does not make energy. Page 72
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Page 72: the human body transfers energy from the Sun through food to cells to perform specific cellular and mechanical functions
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What percent of energy released from ATP is actually used for cellular work? Page 72
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Page 72: approximately 40%
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What happened to the energy that is not used for cellular work? Page 72
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Page 72: it is released as heat
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What are the three system for energy release? Page 73
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Page 73: the ATP - PC system, the glycolytic system, the oxidative system
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ATP - PC system is predominantly used when? Page 73
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Page 73: during high intensity, short duration bouts of exercise
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What is anaerobic exercise? Page 73
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Page 73: when oxygen is not used to produce energy
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Approximately how many seconds is available when ATP - PC system is used to create energy? Page 73
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Page 73: only 10 to 15 seconds before exhaustion is reached
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When is glycolysis used? Page 74
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Page 74: as another means of anaerobic energy production for the chemical breakdown of glucose
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What is the end result of glycolysis? Page 74
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Page 74: the breakdown of glucose or glycogen to either pyruvic acid with anaerobic glycolysis or lactic acid with anaerobic glycolysis to create 2 ATP for each mole or unit of glucose and 3 ATP from each unit of glycogen
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What is the approximate time available when glycolysis is used to create energy? Page 74
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Page 74: approx 30 to 50 seconds of duration
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Why is glycolysis the most common way to create energy used by exercisers? Page 74
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Page 74: because most fitness workouts place greater stress on this system because the typical repetition ranges of 8 to 12 repetitions and therefore falls within the appropriate time frame
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Why is the oxidative system unique for energy creation? Page 74
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Page 74: because it utilizes oxygen to generate ATP
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What are the three oxidative or aerobic system? Page 74
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Page 74: aerobic glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain or ETC
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What is different when oxygen is used during the process of glycolysis? Page 75
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Page 75: the end product is changed, specifically pyruvic acid is created
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What is beta oxidation? Page 75
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Page 75: the breakdown of triglycerides into small subunits called free fatty acids which are converted into acyl-CoA molecules and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP
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Oh so fat oxidation produces more ATP per molecule of fat, what is required for proper use? Page 76
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Page 76: more action is required to produce ATP
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What is the benefit of aerobic metabolism? Page 76
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Page 76: the capacity to produce energy , at least for exercise, for an indefinite period of time
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How is energy used for muscles? Page 76
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Page 76: to form the myosin actin cross bridges that facilitate muscle contraction
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How much ATP is required for one cycle of a cross bridge? Page 76
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Page 76: 2 ATPs
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What is the most important factor when regulating energy utilization during exercise? Page 76
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Page 76: the intensity and duration of exercise
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How is it possible to store higher quantities of glycogen? Page 77
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Page 77: through a combination of training and high carbohydrate intake to allow athletes to exercise for longer periods before fatiguing or reaching exhaustion
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How does extra glycogen assist the athlete? Page 77
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Page 77: by allowing the athlete to maintain his or her pace for longer periods of time
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How can the bioenergetics of exercise the indirectly measured in laboratories? Page 77
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Page 77: by measuring the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide and volume of expired air, in addition to heart rate, blood pressure, and exercise load or work output
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What is steady-state exercise? Page 77
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Page 77: exercise performed at a constant pace or intensity
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What is the second win in regard to exercise? Page 78
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Page 78: most physiologists think that when the exercise settles into a more comfortable feeling the body has reached a plateau causing people to feel more comfortable in early or discomfort fades
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What occurs to oxygen consumption as a person goes from supine or lying down to seed addressed to standing at rest? Page 78
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Page 78 Poland oxygen consumption increases
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Why does the body prefer aerobic or oxidative metabolism? Page 78
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Page 78 because carbon dioxide and water are more easily eliminated
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Why does the body rely on the ATP- PC cycle when starting exercise? Page 79
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Page 79: because aerobic metabolic pathways are too slow to meet initial demands
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What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption? Page 79
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Page 79: the state in which the body's metabolism is elevated after exercise
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Why is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption necessary for the body? Page 79
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Page 79: for recovery in to help reestablish baseline levels of ATP as well as assisting with the clearing of metabolic end products
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What occurs when an athlete has increased intensity? Page 79
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Page 79: most of the energy needs come from anaerobic metabolism
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What is the respiratory quotient? Page 79
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Page 79: the amount of carbon dioxide expired / the amount of oxygen consumed measured during breast are at a steady state of exercise using a metabolic analyzer
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What supplies energy when the respiratory quotient is 1.0? Page 79
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Page 79: carbohydrate supply 100% of the fuel
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What predominately supplies energy when the respiratory quotient of 0.7 ? Page 79
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Page 79: fat supplies 100% of the fuel for metabolism
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What occurs when the respiratory quotient is between 0.7 and 1.0? Page 79
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Page 79: a mixture of carbohydrates and fats are fueling metabolism
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Why is the fat burning zone a myth? Page 80
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Page 80: because higher intensity will ultimately produce higher calorie burn therefore increasing the amount of both fat and carbohydrates burned
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