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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the sources of sensory information?
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Exteroceptor
Propriocepter |
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What do Exterocepters do?
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Perceive objects in the environement
vision auditory |
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What do Propriocepters do?
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Percieve body movements -
Vestibular apparatus, muscle receptors, joint receptors, cutaneous receptors |
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What is the path of afferent fibers?
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Muscle sensory --> Sensory Motor Area
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What is the path of efferent fibers>
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Motor Cortex --> Muscle
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What are the two motor cortex control systems?
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Closed Loop
Open Loop |
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What are features of closed loop?
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uses feedback from environment
traffic Police |
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What are the features of open loop?
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Uses no feedback and has no reference mechanism
Fast discrete movements in a stable environment |
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What are the two visual streams?
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Dorsal Stream
Ventral Stream |
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Where is the path of the Dorsal Stream? What is its purpose?
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Primary visual cortex --> posterior parietal lobule
Control and interaction with objects |
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Where is the path of the Ventral Stream? What is its purpose?
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Primary visual cortex --> inferotemporal cortex
Identify and recognize objects |
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What are the two cells in the retina?
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Cone
Rod |
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What is agnosia? Example?
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when the ventral stream is impaired
hard to perceive objects, still able to interact with them |
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What is ataxia?
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when the dorsal stream is impaired
hard to interact with objects, still able to perceive them |
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Where are and what do rod cells do?
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peripheral retina
operate in poor light |
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Where are and what do cone cells do?
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center of retina (fovea)
detail and color |
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What is deafferentation?
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The dorsal roots are cut, which are the afferent fibers. Efferent fiber not disrupted. Monkeys
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What were the effects of deafferentation?
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Movements not strongly interrupted, but fine motor control suffered since sensory info going back to the brain was severed.
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Frontal Lobe
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actions/movement
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Parietal Lobe
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perception
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual
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Temporal Lobe
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Memory
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Cerebellum
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Coordination/movmement
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Brain Stem
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Bridge for efferent and afferent communication
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Define Motor Program
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Define and Issue commands that determine which muscle to contract, when, and how forceful
organize the degrees of freedom of muscle and joints into a single unit to produce effective and efficient actions |
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What is the evidence for Motor Programs?
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Sensory Feedback - Human testing EMG
Movement planned in advanced - Human testing RT up w/ complexity up Movement in absence of sensory feedback - animal testing deafferentation/mesencephalic preparation |
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What are two problems with Motor Programs? What is the solution?
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Storage
Novelty GMP |
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What is GMP?
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Generalized Motor Program
motor programs can be adapted depending on choice of certain movements or response |
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What are the main features to GMP?
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Invariance - order of events, phasing, relative force
Variance - overall duration, overall force, muscle selection |
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What is Fitts Task?
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Reciprocal Tapping
changing A and W to get different ID |
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What is Fitts Law
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MT = a+b(log2(2A/W))
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What are the two types of coordination?
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Sensory - vestibulo-ocular reflex, eye-hand reflex
Motor - gross motor, fine motor |
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Describe Phase Transition in bimanual coordination.
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In-phase is symmetrical movement, anti-phase is asymmetrical movement. If you start anti-phase and go fast, you will eventually phase to in-phase
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What is the application to learning and teaching when it comes to Phase Transition.
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Teach slowly
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What is Tau and its equation
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The processing of moving variables to intercept a moving object. (distance, velocity, and acceleration)
Tau = image size/rate of size change = visual angle/rate of angle change |
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What are the two theories for motor control?
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Hierarchical Theory
Dynamic Theory |
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What are main features of Hierarchical Theory?
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High level control mechanism
Pre-structured motor programs Movement with or without external sensory feedback Monitor but not modify |
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What are main features of Dynamic Theory?
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Lower level control mechanism
Environment important source of action info Intention of performance Interaction of Subsystems Sensory feedback central to making action adaptive |
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What is evidence for Hierarchical Theory?
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Deafferentation
Mesencephalic preparation Similar EMG pattern in blocked and unblocked RT up with complexity of task |
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What are the theories that account for Fitts Law?
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Feedback Theory
Impulse-variability Theory Equilibrium Point Theory |
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What is CPG?
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Central Pattern Generator
interaction of neurons support a Dynamic System Cycle continues until inhibited |
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Closed loop system is like a ____.
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Thermostat
setup-sense current state-executes-recieves new state-continues until goal achieved |
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Sensory is ____ and goes ____ ____ motor is ____ and goes ____ ____.
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afferent bottom up
efferent top down |
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Impulses are sent to the ____ hemisphere via the ____.
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opposite
optic chasm |
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Dorsal Stream is ____ Ventral Stream is ____.
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action
perception |
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What is the non-clinical evidence for visual streams? Why?
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optical illusions
perceptual is tricked, but action system is not dorsal more reliable |
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What is focal vision?
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conscious identification
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What is ambient vision?
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unconscious identification
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When is catching a ball easier?
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when the catcher is also moving
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Visual feedback can be used between ____ msec.
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75-150
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What was the results and conclusion of the three sided room study?
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wall forward = backward lean
wall backward = forward lean Visual info is a source of afferent info controlling balance |
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____ of all sensory receptors are in the eyes.
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70%
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____ of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved in some aspect of processing ____ info.
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40%
visual |
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When sensory conflict occurs, ____ gets priority.
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visual info
(perceive what you see not feel) |
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What is an example of a messed up vestibular system.
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If on a tilt, a normal person adjusts to stay upright, while someone with bad vestibular system will tilt the angle of the slope
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Vestibular system is located in the ____ and is important to ____.
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inner ear
balance |
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What is motion sickness?
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mismatch between visual and vestibular sensory info. eyes detect little movement, vestibular detects lots of movement
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____ sense stretch and ____ sense tension. ____ = ____/____
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Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon stiff = tension/stretch |
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Fingertips have the greatest concentration of ___.
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cutaneous receptors
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____ are extra sensitive in the feet and help in ____ and ____. Sensitivity decreases through ____.
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mechano-receptors
balance postural control aging |
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Bridge
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brain stem
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Planning/reasoning/judgment
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frontal
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Perception
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parietal
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Superior and inferior are two areas of the ____ lobe.
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parietal
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Lesions in this area cause visual illusions.
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occipital
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Memory,language
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temporal
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coordination, balance, reflex
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cerebellum
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Lesions in this area cause inability to coordinate fine movements including speech.
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cerebellum
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Open looped system has no ____.
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error detection
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Open looped system occurs as ____, ____ movements, in a ____ environment and movement cannot be ____ once initiated.
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fast
discrete stable altered |
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Which study was conducted on cats and what was severed?
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Mesencephalic Preparation
spinal cord midbrain No voluntary movement of legs |
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What is the typical triphasic EMG pattern?
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Primary agonist burst
Antagonist burst Secondary agonist burst |
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What was the finding in the EMG activation pattern tasks?
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Antagonist burst in blocked trial occurred at same time as unblocked = pre-programmed movements
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What are the two phases for "Rapid Manual Aiming Task"
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Initial adjustment - first hump, fastness
Current control - second hump, home in for precision |
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Results of Fitts Law when KR minimized?
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Fast MT = large We
Large A = large We |
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Key point of Feedback Theory? Who?
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Rapid alternation of open loop (initiation phase), and closed loop (feedback phase)
Crossman and Goodeve 1983 |
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Key point of Impulse-Variability Theory? Who?
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plan more force = more variability = more errors.
Schmidt et al 1978 |
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Key point of Equilibrium-Point Theory? Who?
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Actual muscle length and force depend on reaction between central motor command and external factors
Feldman 1966 |
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Less energy is consumed by maintaining ____
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coordinated pattern
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What does coordination require?
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multiple units of actions
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In reach to grasp, max aperture occurred at ____% of the overall MT and synchronized with the ____ of the wrist.
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70
peak deceleration |
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The general finding of bimanual coordination is that ...
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the two hands tend to be locked
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In multilimb coordination, ____ movement is easier than ____ movement.
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arm/arm
arm/leg |
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In multilimb coordination, it was better for ____ pairs than for ____ pairs.
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contralateral - walking, left arm right leg
ipsilateral - left arm/left leg |
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Knowing about inphase and antiphase, which is better for learning and how could this be done.
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inphase
to the side facing the same way as the subject |
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Golf swing is an example of ____ loop, while juggling is ____ loop.
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open
closed |
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Open looped skill, instruction should be focused on...
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changing parameters like movement time and force
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Closed looped skill, instruction should be focused on...
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providing feed back
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Novice should be taught w/ ____ loop, intermediates ____ loop.
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closed
open |
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Experts require ____ loop. Why?
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closed
feedback helps with fine tuning of skills |
