Motor Behavior Test #1

Front 1

What are glia cells and what do they do?

Back 1

1. Do not help with cognition.
2. Help with:
- Insulation
- Protection of cell
- Physical support
- Nourishment of neuron

Front 2

What is a nerve?

Back 2

1. A group of neurons that go out of the spinal cord together.
2. Transfer signals

Front 3

What does the Axon Hillock do?

Back 3

1. Makes sure the signal is strong enough before it passes on.
2. Has to be at least -65 mV to be passed on.

Front 4

What does the Axon terminal do?

Back 4

1. Makes connections to other cells.
2. Synapse - space between cells

Front 5

What is Saltatory Conduction?

Back 5

1. The conduction process where the action potential jumps along the axon.
2. Myelin sheath allows signal to go by nodes of Ranvier.

Front 6

Propogation means what in terms of signals?

Back 6

1. The signal continues down the axon and each channel opens after another.
2. Like a lit fuse.

Front 7

What is the purpose of the sodium potassium pump?

Back 7

1. Helps restore concentration of Na and K in the axon.
2. 3 Na for every 2 K.

Front 8

What helps restore the charge after it has been made positive inside?

Back 8

1. The potassium channels help send K out to restore the charge inside.

Front 9

What is reaction time?

Back 9

1. Time from when stimulus is presented and the response begins.

Front 10

Why do we use reaction time to measure info-processing?

Back 10

1. It follows the info-process model.
2. Identification
3. Selection
4. Programming

Front 11

What is movement time?

Back 11

1. Time between when the response begins and when the response ends.

Front 12

What are the factors influencing Reaction Time?

Back 12

1. # of options.
2. Stimulus response compatibility
3. Unpredictability
4. Intensity
5. Modality
6. # of parts
7. Duration
8. Accuracy
9. Practice

Front 13

What is Simple Reaction Time?

Back 13

1. 1 stimulus and 1 response
2. Examples: Swimming, Track
3. 108 milliseconds average RT

Front 14

What is Choice Reaction Time?

Back 14

1. 2 or more options
2. Reaction time varies with how many options there are.
3. More options the smaller the amount of reaction time between options.

Front 15

What is foreperiod?

Back 15

1. Warning --> stimulus is presented.
2. Similar to "Set" --> Gun goes off.

Front 16

Why do they vary foreperiod?

Back 16

1. To prevent anticipation of the start.
2. Want to see reaction time not anticipation.

Front 17

What is Stimulus-Response Compatibility?

Back 17

1. Degree in which association between stimulus and response is natural.

Front 18

Explain the process of action potential going down axon.

Back 18

1. Action potential goes down axon.
2. It causes sodium channels to open to depolarize and make the inside positive and outside negative.
3. Then 1ms later the potassium channels open to restore charge inside and out by sending out potassium.
4. Then the other sodium channels continue to open, etc down the line like a fuse.
5. Finally the sodium potassium pump restore concentrations of Na and K.

Front 19

What is the Simon Effect experiment?

Back 19

1. Quicker reaction time when on the same side.
2. IE: Sound was presented on the left ear and the RT was quicker when pressing the left key than it was with the right.

Front 20

What is unpredictability?

Back 20

1. It takes longer to respond to an unexpected event.

Front 21

What happens to RT with intensity of a stimulus?

Back 21

1. Higher intensity -- faster reaction time.
2. Lower intensity -- slower reaction time.
3. Intensity can be brightness, loudness, etc.

Front 22

What is modality?

Back 22

1. Visual stimulus takes longer to react to than other stimuli such as auditory or tactile.
2. Combinations of modalities are fastest.

Front 23

What was Henry and Roger's experiment?

Back 23

1. Respond as quickly to sound as possible.
2. A situation - lift finger off reaction key
3. B situation - lift finger off and touch ball A.
4. C situation - lift finger and touch ball A, B and hit button C.
5. This shows: more complex movements -- longer reaction time.

Front 24

What is movement duration?

Back 24

1. Longer duration tend to increase reaction time.

Front 25

What is movement accuracy?

Back 25

1. When spatial is important, more accurate we try to be, the longer the RT.
2. When timing is important, the quicker you are the more accurate you are.

Front 26

What is practice?

Back 26

1. Simple choice reaction times don't change much.
2. Complex reaction times, practice decreases time it takes.

Front 27

Review examples of RT principles...

Back 27

1. # options: football QB deciding on receivers
2. Stimulus-response cability: Crossover in basketball
3. Unexpected: reverse in football
4. Intensity: short, loud commands.
5. Modality: Push and yell rather than just yell.
6. Accuracy: pass closer to net to get a more accurate shot in soccer.
7. Practice: repeat movements, watch film

Front 28

What is the Psychological Refractory Period?

Back 28

1. Delay of a person's response to a second stimulus when it is preceeded by the first stimulus compared to when the second stimulus is presented itself.
2. If S1 is between 60 - 120 ms, of S2, the reaction time will be slower because S1 interferred with S2.

Front 29

What does S1, S2 and RT represent in a sport setting?

Back 29

S1 - Fake
S2 - Actual movement
RT - reaction time by opponent to movement.

Front 30

In sports, if the fake or S1 is successful, what will happen to RT and MT?

Back 30

1. Both reaction time and movement time will be slower due to the fake and additional stimulus.

Front 31

What is ISI mean and used for?

Back 31

1. Interstimulus interval.
2. Time between S1 and S2.
3. If ISI is long (over 120 ms) it won't affect RT.
4. If ISI is 60-120 ms it will affect RT as S1 interfers with S2.
5. If ISI is too short, it will blend with S2 and RT will be same.

Front 32

What are the two visual systems and their characteristics?

Back 32

1. Focal Vision
- Detail (acuity)
- Consciously controlled
- Degraded in dim lighting
- 3-5 degrees
2. Ambient Vision
- Peripheral
- Positions of objects in relation to us, movements around us.
- Still works under dim light
- Horiz: 200 degrees
- Vert: 160 degrees

Front 33

What is the retina and the cells that make it up?

Back 33

1. Back of the eye that interprets light signals.
2. Cones and Rods

Front 34

What is the Focal System made of?

Back 34

1. Fovea
2. Mostly cones
3. Color/Acuity

Front 35

What is the Ambient System made up of?

Back 35

1. Periphery of Retina
2. Rods
3. Dim light/movement

Front 36

What is the Fovea?

Back 36

1. Back of eye on retina that is made up of mostly cones.
2. Color and Acuity

Front 37

What is the Periphery of Retina?

Back 37

1. Sides of retina
2. Made up of rods
3. Dim light/movement

Front 38

What is a saccade?

Back 38

1. Rapid eye jump

Front 39

Can Ambient Vision be trained?

Back 39

1. No
2. You don't decide ambient vision, you decide focal vision.
3. You CAN train what information you get from ambient vision.

Front 40

Can Focal Vision be trained?

Back 40

1. Yes
2. You can direct attention to specific information in the environment.

Front 41

What is the definition of quiet eye?

Back 41

1. Last fixation before the action

Front 42

How can quiet eye help experts? novices?

Back 42

1. Experts: can improve performance, although takes lots time.
2. Novices: can help learn skills faster and may help correct mechanics.

Front 43

Quiet eye in golf putting?

Back 43

1. Hole, then the back of the ball for 2 seconds.
2. You can suppress after the follow-through.

Front 44

Quiet eye in basketball free-throw?

Back 44

1. Front of the hoop, 2 seconds.
2. Suppress before ball occulates eye.

Front 45

Quiet eye in hockey (goalie during slap shot)

Back 45

1. fewer fixations = better goalie.
2. Watch puck on the stick for long period time

Front 46

Quiet eye in soccer (defender and goalie)

Back 46

1. fewer fixations = better performance.
2. For defender - look at hip
For goalie - look at support foot
3. Longer = better

Front 47

Interceptive skills, volleyball serve. What occurs in the three phases?

Back 47

1. Phase I: anticipate location of ball being contacted. Look at the empty spot.
2. Phase II: track ball immediately and follow until 100 ms before you hit
3. Phase III: keep eyes parked in front of body to hit accurately. Rapid eye movement to target after hit.

Front 48

What is proprioception?

Back 48

1. Awareness of our movements, joints and tension in muscle during execution of an action.

Front 49

Muscle spindle characteristics?

Back 49

1. Located inside extrafusal muscle fibers
2. Parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers
3. Consists of capsule
4. Do not contribute to contraction.

Front 50

What is in the capsule of a muscle spindle?

Back 50

1. Intrafusal muscle fibers
2. Sensory receptors

Front 51

What are the functions of a muscle spindle?

Back 51

1. Senses muscle changing length
2. Sense velocity of movement
3. Senses joint position

Front 52

What is an afferent and efferent nerve?

Back 52

1. Afferent: sensory nerve - sends signal back to brain
2. Efferent: motor nerve - uses signal to produce movement.

Front 53

What is alpha-gamma motor neuron co-activation?

Back 53

1. One signal splits into two, one down to alpha nerve and other to gamma nerve.
2. The alpha nerve activates extrafusal muscle fibers.
3. The gamma nerve activates intrafusal muscle fibers.

Front 54

What does the alpha motor neuron do?

Back 54

1. Activates extrafusal muscle fibers

Front 55

What does the gamma motor neuron do?

Back 55

1. Activates intrafusal muscle fibers.

Front 56

When a muscle contracts, does the muscle spindle contract with it?

Back 56

1. Yes, if it did not contract with the muscle fiber, it would not be able to sense lengthening because it would be loose and lax.

Front 57

What are golgi tendon organs?

Back 57

1. Located in junction between muscle and tendon.
2. FORCE SENSORS
3. Tells you how much force you are using each time you contract.

Front 58

What are mechanoreceptors?

Back 58

1. Sense pressure changes in the skin and send action potentials to brain.
2. Receptors at different shapes and at different layers of skin.
3. Pick up at different frequencies, pressures and fields.

Front 59

What are the three functions of the vestibular system?

Back 59

1. Stabilize eye with head movements.
2. Control balance
3. Linear and angular head motion

Front 60

What are the two structures included in the vestibular system?

Back 60

1. Semicircular canals (3)
2. Sac-like structures (2) (Utricle, Saccule)

Front 61

What are the semicircular canals main purpose?

Back 61

1. sense rotation, eye/head movements and balance.
2. Anterior, posterior and horizontal (they form a corner like end of box)

Front 62

What are the sac-like structures purpose?

Back 62

1. Linear motion and balance.

Front 63

What are otoliths?

Back 63

1. Small crystals that are on top of the gelatinous cap.
2. When they move, they sense changes in linear motion (up/down, right/left, forward/backward)

Front 64

What does the Utricle sense?

Back 64

1. Forward/backward, left/right
2. Hair cells parallel to ground.

Front 65

What does the Saccule sense?

Back 65

1. Hair verticle to ground
2. Sense up/down

Front 66

What is the ampulla?

Back 66

1. Enlarged portion at the end of each canal.
2. Hair receptors change from endolymph fluid movement, which causes action potential to be sent to brain.

Front 67

In the experiment of Lee and Anderson with moving wall, what occurred and what were the conclusions?

Back 67

1. Floor stationary, wall moved. Adults swayed, kids stumbled.
2. If conflicting info between proprioception and vision = vision wins.
3. Vision is also very important for balance.

Front 68

Closed Loop System

Back 68

1. Tend to be long in duration because you can send error signal to redo the motor program.
2. In closed loop - there is a desired state, but if action state doesn't match desired, error signal will be set and another plan sent out.

Front 69

Open Loop System

Back 69

1. Once action starts, nearly impossible to modify in motion.
2. By the time error message sent, the action is already done.
3. You still receive feedback, but don't have the time to change during the actual execution.
4. Example: Throwing football and fumble, but you continue motion of throwing until complete.