Mid-Term A&p Ch.20 The Endocrine System

Front 1

What system is where neurons release neurotransmitters?

Back 1

Nervous System

Front 2

What system releases hormones into blood?

Back 2

Endocrine System

Front 3

Most signals from the nervous system are controlled by what type of feedback?

Back 3

Negative

Front 4

Major link between nervous and endocrine system?

Back 4

Hypothalamus

Front 5

The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibiting hormones through a series of _____ _____?

Back 5

– Anterior
– Blood Vessels

Front 6

The hypothalamus controls the _____ pituitary by a _____ contraction?

Back 6

– Posterior
– Neural

Front 7

What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?

Back 7

– Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
– Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
– Follicle – Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
– Prolactin (PRL)
– Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
– Melanocyte – Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Front 8

When hGH stimulates protein synthesis it maintains _____ & _____ mass?

Back 8

– Muscle
– Bone

Front 9

What does PRL stimulate?

Back 9

Milk Production

Front 10

The posterior pituitary only _____ and releases (secretes) _____ hormones?

Back 10

– Stores
– 2

Front 11

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

Back 11

– Oxytocin (OT)
– Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Front 12

Oxytocin stimulates what?

Back 12

– Muscle Contractions of the Uterus during Childbirth
– Milk Ejection" let down"

Front 13

Oxytocin (OT) is controlled by what type of feedback?

Back 13

Positive

Front 14

What problem would you have if you had defects in ADH secretion or receptors with high urine output?

Back 14

Diabetes Insipidus

Front 15

With the thyroid gland, follicular cells produce what?

Back 15

– Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Thyroxine (T4)

Front 16

With thyroid hormone functions, what increases metabolic rate?

Back 16

T3& T4 (thyroxine)

Front 17

With T3& T4(thyroxine) it increases metabolic rate, and _____ is used by cells?

Back 17

Oxygen

Front 18

Disorders with T3 and T4?

Back 18

– Myxedema
– Graves' Disease

Front 19

Hypothyroidism, decreased heart rate and respiratory rate, and low body temperature is what disorder?

Back 19

Myxedema

Front 20

With thyroid hormone function, what decreases " tones down" blood Ca2+?

Back 20

Calcitonin

Front 21

When calcitonin decreases blood Ca2+, it _____ osteoclast activity, and _____ remains in the bone?

Back 21

– Inhibits
– Calcium

Front 22

Does calcitonin strengthened or weakened bones?

Back 22

Strengthens

Front 23

Calcitonin is commonly used to treat what?

Back 23

Osteoporosis

Front 24

Calcitonin is antagonistic to what hormone?

Back 24

Parathyroid

Front 25

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases what?

Back 25

Blood Ca2+

Front 26

Where is the pancreas located?

Back 26

Posterior to Stomach

Front 27

With the pancreas what are the 2 types of endocrine cells (pancreatic islets)?

Back 27

– Alpha Cells
– Beta Cells

Front 28

What type of endocrine cell produces glucagon?

Back 28

Alpha Cells

Front 29

What type of endocrine cell produce insulin?

Back 29

Beta Cells

Front 30

With pancreatic islets, low blood glucose stimulates _____ release?

Back 30

Glucagon

Front 31

With pancreatic islets, glucagon stimulates _____breakdown, increasing _____ _____?

Back 31

– Glycogen
– Blood Glucose

Front 32

With pancreatic islets, high blood glucose stimulates _____ release?

Back 32

Insulin

Front 33

With pancreatic islets, and high blood glucose insulin stimulates glycogen _____ by permitting glucose into liver cells, _____ blood glucose?

Back 33

– Synthesis
– Decreasing

Front 34

Pancreatic islets disorder, and most common endocrine disorder is what?

Back 34

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 35

Diabetes mellitus is the inability to _____ or _____ insulin and blood glucose levels increase "spilling" into _____?

Back 35

– Produce
– Use
– Urine

Front 36

What are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?

Back 36

– Type I
– Type II

Front 37

Which type of diabetes mellitus is autoimmune and beta cells are destroyed?

Back 37

Type I

Front 38

Which type of diabetes mellitus is most common, and controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss?

Back 38

Type II

Front 39

Which type of diabetes mellitus is most non-insulin dependent, and target cells become less sensitive to insulin?

Back 39

Type II

Front 40

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?

Back 40

– Outer Cortex
– Inner Medulla

Front 41

What zone of the outer cortex of the adrenal gland has mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?

Back 41

Outer

Front 42

Mineralocorticoids?

Back 42

Aldosterone

Front 43

RAA stands for?

Back 43

Renin – Angiotension – Aldosterone

Front 44

With the RAA pathway a dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce _____?

Back 44

Aldosterone

Front 45

A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone an increase _____ and _____ reabsorption (retention) from urine and to blood?

Back 45

– Na+ (sodium)
– H2O

Front 46

A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and increases _____ (_____) of K+ (potassium) into urine?

Back 46

-Excretion
-Removal

Front 47

A dehydrated state stimulates RAA to produce aldosterone and _____ blood volume and blood pressure?

Back 47

Increases

Front 48

Glucocorticoid (cortisol) has what effect?

Back 48

Anti-inflammatory

Front 49

Glucocorticoid (cortisol) disorders?

Back 49

– Cushing's Syndrome
– Addison's Disease

Front 50

What glucocorticoid disorder has hypersecretion of cortisol and causes hyperglycemia and weight gain?

Back 50

Cushing's Syndrome

Front 51

What glucocorticoid disorder has hyposecretion of cortisol and causes hypoglycemia and weight loss?

Back 51

Addison's Disease

Front 52

The pineal gland is located where?

Back 52

Brain

Front 53

The pineal gland produces _____ and promotes _____?

Back 53

– Melatonin
– Sleep

Front 54

Pineal gland disorder?

Back 54

(SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder