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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hypothalamus
Regulates primitive functions from water balance to sex drive


Carried out by the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
Suspended from hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

Neuropophysis (posteiror pituitary)
FSH
Stimulates production of egg or sperm cells

Secreted by gonadotrope cells
LH
Females - Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen

Males - Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to secrete testosterone

Secreted by gonadrope cells
TSH
Stimulates growth of gland and secretion of Thyroid Hormone

Secreted by thyrotropes
ACTH
Adenocorticotropic Hormone

Regulates response to stress, stimulates adrenal cortex

Adrenal cortex
PRL
Females - Milk synthesis after baby

Males - increased LH sensitivity, thus an increase in testosterone secretion
GH
Growth Hormone

Promotes tissue growth
OT (oxytocin) and ADH
Produced in Hypothalamus

Transported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe (stores then releases hormones)
ADH
Targets kidneys

Increased water retention, reduces urine

neurotransmitter
Oxytocin
Labor contractions, lactation

Possible role in: sperm transport and emotional bonding
Negative Feedback - Control of Pituitary - Feedback From Target Organs
Increased target organ hormone levels inhibits release of tropic hormones
Positive Feedback - Control of Pituitary - Feedback From Target Organs
Stretching of uterus increases OT release, causes more stretching of uterus until delivery
Pineal Gland
Peak secretion ages 1-5

Produces serotonin by day, converts it to melatonin by night
Thyroid Gland
Simple cubodial epithelium

Secretes two hormones: T3 and T4

Increases body's metabolic rate and O2 consumption
Parathyroid Hormone
PTH release

Increases blood calcium levels

Promotes synthesis of calcitrol

Decreases urinary excretion

Increases bone resorption - destroys bone
Adrenal medulla
Stimulation causes release of catecholamines (epi, NE)

Increases metabolic rate

Inhibits insulin secretions cause you need it going into the blood
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids

Mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa) outer

Glucocorticoids (zona fasiculata)middle

Sex steroids (zona reticularis) inner
Insulin
From beta cells

Secreted after meal with carbohydrates, raises blood glucose levels

Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake
Glucagon
From alpha cells

Hormone of fasting and starvation

Secreted in very low carbohydrate and high protein or fasting
Somatostatin
From Delta cells

secreted with rise in blood glucose and amino acids after a meal.

Paracrine secretion = inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon by alpha and beta cells.

Glucagon - doesn't allow you to go overboard
T3 and T4 synthesis
Iodine and tyrosine form t3 and t4

TSH stimulates follicular cells to remove t3 and t4 from thryoglobulin for release into plasma
Endocrine Disorders
Variations in hormone concentration and target cell sensitivity have noticeable effects on body

Hyposecretion - inadequite hormone release lesion destroys gland.

Hypersecretion excessive hormone release tumor or autoimmune disorder
Pituitary Disorders
Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to thickening of bones and soft tissue

Problems in childhood in and adolescence - oversecretion (giantism) hyposecretion (dwarfism)

People can become very tall at first, but then the deposition of growth hormone causes bone deposition in the head and hands become very large
Thyroid Gland Disorders - Congenital Hypothyroidism
Congenital Hypothyroidism (decreased levels of TH) - Congenital Infant hypothyroidism: Infant suffers abnormal bone development thickening facial features, low temperature, brain damage.
Thyroid Gland Disorders - Myxedema
Adult hypothyroidism due to decreased levels of TH

low metabolic rate sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and hair, higher blood dpressure.
Thyroid Gland Disorders - endemic goiter
Endemic Goiter - enlarged thyroid gland

Dietary iodine deficiency, no TH no feedback to increase TH
Thyroid Gland Disorders - graves disease
Toxic Goiter

Antibodies mimic TSH, increased TH, expohthalmos
Parathyroid disorders
hyperparathyroid in excess PTH secretion increases blood calcium and causes soft fragile bones
Adrenal disorders
Crushing syndrome excess cortical secretion moon face buffalo hump

AGS adrenogenital syndrome enlargement of external sexual organs in children and early onset of puberty deep voice in women
Diabetes Mellitus
Signs and symptoms of hyposecretion of insulin

Blood glucose levels rise above transport maximum of kidney tubules glucose remains in urine ketones also present increased osmolarity draws water into urine.
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 IDDM You're born with and you require insulin injections

Type 2 NIDDM insulin resistance failure of target cells to respond to insulin treated with weight loss program of diet and exercise
Pathology of Diabetes
Acute pathology cells cannot absorb glucose rely on fat and proteins
Hyperinsulism
insulin shock uncorrected hyperinsulinism with diorientation convulsions or unconsciiousness.
Insulin
The thing that encourages the storage of fats
Glucagon
Encourages burning of fats