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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the chemical nature of all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormones?
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Water-soluble
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What is the chemical nature of thyroid hormones and steriods?
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Lipid-soluble
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In order for you to have ______ ____ _______ a cell must repond to a hormone and have specific protein receptors on its plasma membrane or interior.
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target cell specificity
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What three factors does target cell activation depend on?
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1) blood levels 2) # of receptors for that hormone 3) strength of the bond
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What is the length of time for a hormones's blood level to be decreased by half?
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half-life
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What is it called when the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present?
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Permissiveness
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What is it called when hormones occur in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?
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Synergism
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What is it called when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone?
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Antagonism
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called when there is a hypersecretion of GH in children?
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Gigantism
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called when there is a hypersecretion of GH after the epiphyseal plates have closed?
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Acromegaly
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called when there is a hyposecretion of GH in children?
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Pituitary dwarfism
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called that is a full-blown hypothyroid syndrome? If caused by lack of iodine its called?
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Myxedema,
endemic or goiter |
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called when it is severe hypothyroidism in infants?
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Cretinism
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What is the homeostatic imbalance called that is hyperthyroid syndrome?
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Graves' disease
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What two reasons is Calcitonin important?
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1) inhibits bone resorption & release of Ca from the bony matrix
2) stimulates Ca uptake and incorporation into bone matrix |
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What period of development is Calcitonin important?
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only in childhood
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What are three functions of PTH?
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1) stimulates osteoclasts to digest
2) enhances reabsorption of Ca 3) increases absorption of Ca |
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Why is it that precise control of Ca levels is critical?
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because plasma calcium ion homeostatisis is essential for many functions (transmissions of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and blood clotting)
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The pancrease is a triangle shaped organ partially behind the stomach that is composed of _______ and _______ glands.
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endocrine and exocrine glands
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What is the 2nd greatest control system?
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Endocrine System
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What is the 1st greatest control system?
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Nervous System
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What are the long distance chemical signals that travel in the blood and lymph throughout the body?
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Hormones
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What are the two ways that target cells change their levels?
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1) up regulation 2) down regulation
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Is the control of hormone release a negative or positive feedback system?
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negative feedback system
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What are the three endocrine gland stimuli?
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humoral, neural, & hormonal
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What does nervous system modulation maintain?
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maintains homeostasis
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What does nervous system modulation maintain?
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maintains homeostasis
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What 5 things do hormone stimulus produce?
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1) produce changes in membrane permability
2) stimulates synthesis of proteins 3) activates or deactivates enzymes 4) induces secretory activity 5) stimulates mitosis |
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Name the 6 anterior pituitary hormones.
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1) Growth Hormone (GH)
2) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3) Adrenocortioctropic hormone (ACTH) 4) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 5) Luteinizing hormone (LH) 6) Prolactin (PRL) |
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Name the 2 posterior pituitary hormones.
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1) Oxytocin
2) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin |
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What are the tiny cell clusters called that produce pancreatic hormones?
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Islets of Langerhans
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What is the hypoglycemic hormone?
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Insulin
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What is the hyperglycemic homone?
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Glucagon
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What cells that make up the bulk of the pancreas & produce enzyme-rich juice that is ducted into the small intestine during food digestion?
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Acinar cells
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A chemical messenger that acts locally within the same tissue and is rapidly destroyed.
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Paracrine
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Immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction.
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Vascular spasm
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A soluble protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during clotting.
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Fibrinogen
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Neurohypophysis
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Posterior pituitary
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Disorder resulting from hyperactive thyroid gland
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Grave's Disease
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Disease characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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Diabetes insipidus
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The major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation.
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Thyroid hormone
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Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin.
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Eosinophil
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Hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of medulla and cortex areas.
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Adrenal glands
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Small endocrine glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
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Parathyroid glands
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Agranular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body.
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Lymphocyte
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Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes.
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Hemoglobin
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Term used to describe hormones such as glucagon that elevate blood glocose level.
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Hyperglycemic
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A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily.
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Colloid
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Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin.
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Ductless glands that emply their hormonal products directly into the blood.
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Endocrine glands
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Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland.
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Myxedema
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Immature erythrocyte
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Reticulocyte
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Platelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation.
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Thrombocyte
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Steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex.
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Corticosteroids
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White blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses.
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Leukocytes
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White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic die.
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Basophil
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Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
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Heme
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Diagnostic test to determine status of hemostasis system.
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Prothrombin time
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Neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain that serves a variety of functions includinf regulation of gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, lactation, and water balance.
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Pituitary gland
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Hormones that stimulate female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones.
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Estrogens
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Posterior pituitary
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Neurohypophysis
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Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk.
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Prolactin
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Stoppage of bleeding
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Hemostasis
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A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel.
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Thrombus
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Hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells.
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Erythropoietin
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Fatty acid metabolites; strong organic acids.
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Ketones (ketone bodies)
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Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site.
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Hematoma
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The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated.
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Plasma
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Gland located behind the stomach, produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions.
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Pancreas
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State in which a greater than normal amount of insulin is required to maintain normal glucose blood levels.
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Insulin resistance
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Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth and ejection of milk during nursing.
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Oxytocin
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Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting.
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Coagulation
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A chemical messenger that acts locally within the same tissue and is rapidly destroyed.
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Paracrine
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Adrenal cortex hormones that increase blood glucose levels and aid the body in resisting long-term stressors.
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Glucocorticoids
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Any stimulus that directly or indirectly causes the hypothalamus to initiate stress-reducing responses.
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Stressor
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A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
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Insulin
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Anterior pituitary hormone that aids maturation of cells in the ovary & triggers ovulation in females and causes the interstitial cells of the testis to produce testosterone.
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Luteinizing hormone
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Steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.
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Hormones
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Large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte.
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Monocyte
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Red blood cells
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Erthrocytes
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Lymphoid organ and endocrine gland active in immune response
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Thymus
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Hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.
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Parathyroid hormone
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Primary reproductive organ in males and females
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Gonad
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Hormone that opposes the action of another hormone.
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Antagonist
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Most abundant type of white blood cell
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Neutrophil
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Diagnostic test to determine relative proportion of individual leukocyte types.
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Differential white blood cell count
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Thyroid hormone, secretion and function similar to those of thyroxine (T 4).
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Triiodothyronine (T 3)
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Blood cell formation; hemopoiesis
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Hematopoiesis
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Cellular portion of blood
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Formed elements
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Abnormally low white blood cell count
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Leukopenia
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Steriod hormone of the adrenal cortex that regulates Na and K metabolism and fluid balance.
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Mineralocorticoid
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Enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
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Thrombin
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One of the largest of the body's endocrine glands; straddles the anterior trachea.
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Thyroid gland
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A hormone such as testosterone that controls make secondary sex characteristics.
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Androgen
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Process of erythrocyte formation
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Erthropoiesis
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Male sex hormone produced by the testes
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Testosterone
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Hormone formed by alpha cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood.
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Glucagon
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A neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation.
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Norepinephrine
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A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain thought to be involved in setting the biological clock.
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Pineal gland
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Hormone released by the thyroid that promotes a decrease in calcium levels in the blood.
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Calcitonin
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Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum.
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Progesterone
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A group of cancerous conditions of white blood cells
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Leukemia
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A increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells)
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Leukocytosis
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Fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting.
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Fibrin
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A hormone secreted by the pineal gland, secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles
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Melatonin
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Adenohypophysis
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Anterior pituitary
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Loss of blood from the vessels by flow through ruptured walls; bleeding
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Hemorrhage
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An abnormally high number of erythrocytes
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Poylcythemia
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Gonad-stimulating hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
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Gonadotropins
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Passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue
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Diapedesis
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Natural anticoagulant secreted into blood plasma
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Heparin
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Principal blood sugar
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Glucose
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Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting.
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Platelet
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Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
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Thyroxine (T 4)
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Substance produced by the stomach that is required for vitamin B 12 absorption
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Intrinsic factor
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The most abundant plasma protein
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Albumin
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Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water
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Antidiuretic hormone
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Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla
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Epinephrine
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A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood
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Thrombocytopenia
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A hormone released by certain cells of the heart atria that recudes blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and Na and water retention.
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Atrial Natriuretic peptide
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rupture of erythrocytes
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Hemolysis
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The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
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Hematocrit
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Process that removes unneeded blood clots when healing has occurred.
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Fibrinolysis
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Amber-colored fluid that exudes from clotted blood as the clot shrinks; plasma without clotting factors
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Serum
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Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex
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Cortisol
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Term used to describe hormones such as insulin that decrease blood glucose level.
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Hypoglycemic
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Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex.
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Hormone released by the kidneys that is involved with raising blood pressure
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Renin
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A hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine organ.
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Tropic hormone
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Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood; hematopoietic stem cell
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Hemocytoblast
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The production of white blood cells
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Leukopoiesis
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Clinical test that includes counts of all formed elements, a hematocrit, and measurements of erythrocyte size and hemoglobin count
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Anterior pituitary; the glandular part of the pituitary gland.
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Adenohypophysis
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Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na reabsorption and K secretion by the kidneys.
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Aldosterone
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Agglutination and destruction of red blood cells following transfusion of incompatible blood.
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Transfusion reaction
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Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Small purplish skin blotches caused by widespread hemorrhage due to thrombocytopenia
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Petechiae ( pe-te-ke-ah)
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Reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erthrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin
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Anemia
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Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones
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Endocrine system
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Disease caused by deficient insulin realease or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates
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Diabetes mellitus
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Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air, or other debris) floating in the blood
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Embolism
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Yellow pigment of bile (jaundice)
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Bilirubin
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Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen
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Steriods
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